一单元 3.1.3Therefore,designs that replicate member sizes and [1.4] Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow simplify reinforcement placement to result in easier and and conveyance of fluids,principally water．整句的意思faster construction will usually result in being more 是：水利工程主要涉及流体的流动和传输，尤其是水 的流economical than a design that achieves minimum 动和传输。 material quantities. [1.5] As construction firms tend to have higher business 因此，那些复制了构件尺寸和简化钢筋位置的设计能促使更risk than other types‘of civil engmeenng． firms．manY 容易更快捷的建设，这样的建设通常会比那些只能获得最小construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more 量材料的设计显得更经济 business。like in nature：drafiing and reviewing 3.1.4The final design will generally be conservative even contracts，evaluating logistical operations，and closely。though the analysis does not reflect the actual nonlinear monitoring pnces of necessary supplies。 structural behavior because member design is based on 整体的意思是：由于建筑公司比其他类型的民用建筑公司ultimate strength design and the ductility of reinforced 往往承担更高的商业风险，许多建筑工程师往往会本能地扮concrete enable force redistributions. 演一种公事公办的角色：起草和修改合同、评估后勤的运作、最终的设计通常是保守的，即使这种分析没有表现出实际上严密监控必需供应品的价格等。 的非线性结构行为，但因为构件设计是建立在极限强度基础结构工程 structural engineering 岩土工程 之上，而且钢筋混凝土的延展性又使强度进行了重新分配。 geotechnical engineering 水利工程 hydraulic 力矩：moment 轴力：axial force 剪力：shear force 扭engineering 海岸工程 coastal engineering 矩： torsion 构件：member 内力：internal force 混环境工程 environmental engineering 施工工程 凝土隔板：concrete diaphragm construction engineering 3.3what design criteria is for reinforced concrete？ 6Its 段directing charter nature defined the great civil engineering as the art of man traffic ,as for the use sources and convenience of power in of internal in the states, means both of production for and of of nanvigation roads, trade, bridges, as applied external and in the construction
and harbours, exchang, and and docks aqueducts, canals, river for internal intercourse in for the moles, breakwaters in the construction and lighthouses of ports, and construction the art purposes of navigation of commerce, by artificial and power in 把民用工程定义为直接为人类的使用和便利的自然界的伟 the drainage and of application cities and of towns. machinery, in and the 大力量的来源的艺术，也定义为在各国的生产资料和交通手段，包括外部和内部的贸易，如为内部往来和交易为目的的道路，桥梁，沟渠，运河、航运和码头的建设中的应用，在港口、码头、防浪堤、防波堤和灯塔的建设中的应用，在以商业为目的的人工航运的应用，在建筑和机械以及城镇排水系统中应用的。 二单元 to steel consumption exceeds ten to one.[1]In many countries the ratio of concrete consumption 消费与钢铁消费的比例已经超过了十比一在许多国家,水泥[2]Therefore,the materials primarily by considfor the selection concrete and mixture proportioning . was of by the slip-forming and eration of the spread of construction governed durability of hardened concrete to 要考虑滑模施工速度的影响hostile environment.所以,久性的影响[3]Depe. ,以及不利环境中坚硬混凝土耐混凝土材料和配比的选择主certain geographical locations the price of concrete may nding on the components’ transportation cost, in be as high as U.S. 75 to $100 per cubic meter, at other it may be as low as U.S. $60 to $70 per cubic meter. 根据材料的运输成本立方米75至100美元,在某些特定地区,而在其他地方则会低至每立方米,水泥的价格会高达每60至[4]Since an adequate concrete cover on reinforcement or 70美元. tendons is required for structural integrity in reinforced and against prestressed same time.
failure due concrete to excessive structures, heat is providthe protection
ed at the
由于在钢筋混凝土和预应力钢筋混凝土结构中足够结实的混凝土封面来确保建筑的一体性求必须提供因温度过高而导致失败的保护措施,所以,要求有一个,同时还要 . 三单元3.1.1 The placement location of within the steel reinforcement which concrete is the the concrete 筋的布置要根据混凝土覆盖层的具体情况决定，混凝土覆盖
and clear is specified by the concrete cover,
the reinforcement. distance between the 混凝土中加固钢
surface of the
层和加固钢筋之间应保持有条理的间距。3.1.2To structural construct concrete structures
Gradreinforcement bars. e 270 strength, strands, may very high-strength of steel even such greater
as
要使用强度非常高的钢筋， 要建造更为坚固的混凝土结构，be used instead of Grade 60
而不是60号得。
例如，要使用270号得加固钢筋，就
Safety 、Aesthetics、functional requirement、economy。 第六单元6-1 themselves frames with large dimensions in the plane of The
vertical legs and the horizontal links are the frame. 垂直支架和水平连接的自身就是在一个平面结构上拥有巨大尺寸的框架结构6-2 horizontal the
intervals corner connections truss at legs need strong equival功能等效于等效悬臂，它需要强有力的有频繁模块化间隔的ent to cantilmake ever them function frequent 为了使角落桁架支柱的together like modular an 横向连接来保证 by 6-3 accelerations the the aerodynamic apertures which behaviour was greatly assisted much 了风切变加速度和力的孔大大增强了空气动力性能。as 25% and forces due reduced 由于涡脱落多达to vortex the shedcross-wind 25ding ％从而降低by as 6-4 tetrahedral this framing non-essential framed resulted solid from form the concept of a tube and the external shaping of it elements were eliminated where all the 源于一个四面体框架固体状的概念，这种框架形式的所有的 to create 这个框架the 非基本要素被淘汰来创造管与它的外部塑造。 第七单元7.1Design or the detailing process involves the selection and 设计过程包括组成结构系统元件的选择和细节设计。 structural of system . the components that make up 7.2Two in components of reaction are developed component hinged parallel to , horizontal one support moment and three reaction and and vertical two forces 铰支座产生developed 2 in axis are 中构件反作用力， fixed support . 固定支座能产生7.3Structural 力，即1个弯矩，以及两种分别与水平轴和纵轴平行的力。3中反作用physical analysis comprises the set study The engineering and laws and mathematics required of to subjects predict the behavior of structures . largely loads based artifacts of upon whose structural their ability integrity analysis are to is judged aircraft ; they commonly include buildings withstand , bridges , incorporates , ships dynamics the and cars . Structural analysis theories primary . From as well fields a theoretical as of the mechanics and perspective many failure computation goal of structural analysis is the the stresses . In viewed practice , of deformations , internal structural analysis forces , and can drive more abstractly as a method be to the the engineering design process or prove 结构分析包括物理规律和数学设置所需的研究和预测的结dependence soundness on directly of a testing design it. without a 构行为，结构分析的对象为工程构件，工程构件的完整性很大程度上取决于其承受荷载的能力，工程构件通常包括建筑，桥梁，飞机，船只和汽车。结构分析包含了力学和动力学领域以及许多失败的理论。从理论的角度出发，结构分析的主要内容是结构变形，内力计算，和应力。在实践中，结
构分析，可以更抽象地看作一种以推动工程设计过程中或证
明一个设计合理性而没有依赖于直接测试它的方法。
第八单元
8.1 steel box girder bridges have great torsional rigidity,which makes them ideal for bridges that are highly curved in plan or where construction by launching is required 钢箱梁桥有很大的扭转刚度，这使得它们对于那些在计划中需要高度弯曲或需要开展建设的桥梁是理想的。
8.2 They are considered expensive to fabricate today ,being labour intensive, and maintenance issues have to be carefully addressed, e.g. ease of access 现在，将它们用于制作被认为是昂贵的，是因为需要密集的劳动力和维护事项需要谨慎地解决，例如，有利于通行。 8.3 The suspension concept dates back to antiquity, and it is because of their fundamental simplicity and economy of structural action that suspension bridges are used for the longest of modern bridge spans
悬挂的概念可以追溯到古代，而且因为他们的基本简单性和结构行为的经济性，所以悬索桥被用于最长跨度现代桥梁中。 课后练习
continuous beam bridge 连续梁桥 box girders bridge 箱梁桥 tied arch 系杆拱 cable-stayed bridges 斜拉桥 suspension bridge 悬索桥 moveable bridge 移动式桥梁
第十二单元 12-1．The definition is less important than understanding the theoretical assumption behind the various design procedures.
定义与理解蕴含在各种设计过程之中的理论假设相比是不重要的。
12-2. Stated another way，it is important to recognize the theoretical limitations of a design procedure that may vary as a function of depth，such as a bearing capacity equation. 换句话说，认识设计过程随作用深度变化而变化的理论缺陷是很重要的，比如承载力平衡方程。
12-3. uniformly distributed load 均匀分布载荷，等分布荷重。
12-4．Mat foundations have limited applicability for bridge support，except where large bridge piers，such as bascules or other movable bride supports，have the opportunity to bear at relatively shallow depth without deep foundation support. 筏基础对桥支座仅有有限的应用，除了大型桥墩，例如活动结构桥支座或其他可移动的桥支座，其他桥支座还是可以在没有深基础支持的前提下在相对较浅深度用筏基础承受荷载。
柱下单独基础：Isolated Spread Footings 墙下条形肌醇：Continuous Strip Spread Footings 筏基础：
Mat Foundations 扩展基础：Spread Footings 联合基础：Combination Footings
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