that join together and form a helical shape.
Double-stranded break repair (DSBR) General term for the repair of double-stranded breaks in the DNA.
Downstream promoter element (DPE) A promoter element that occurs downstream of the transcription start site.
E (exit) site The site on a ribosome to which tRNAs bind before 链结合在一起产生螺旋形。 双链断裂修复（DSBR）
修复DNA中双链断裂的常用术语。 下游启动子元件（DPE）
出现在转录起始位点下游的启动子元件。 E（退出）位
核糖体上的位点，是tRNA在退出核糖体
exiting the ribosome.
Electron microscope A microscope that uses electron beams to visualize subcellular components.
Elongation factors
Proteins involved in the elongation phase of translation.
Endonuclease An enzyme that cleaves DNA or RNA at site inside the molecule (as opposed to cutting at ends of the molecule). Prefix ‘endo-’ = ‘inside’.
Enhancers Regulatory DNA elements to which activators bind to enhance the rate of transcription. Enzymes
Proteins that catalyse reactions.
Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) An alkylating agent that adds an ethyl group (a kind of alkyl group) to target molecules.
Euchromatin Chromatin regions that are less tightly packaged than heterochromatin and contain transcribed genes.
Excision repair A general term for mechanisms that repair damaged bases. Excise = remove a piece from something. In excision repair, the damaged base (and some surrounding bases) are removed from the DNA and resynthesized.
Exons Parts of a gene that are expressed as protein. Exons are formed by the interruption of coding regions by introns.
Exonucleases Enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA from the ends of the molecule; in other words, from the exterior.
Exosome A protein complex containing exonucleases that degrades mRNA in the 3’?5’ direction.
之前所在的位置。
电子显微镜
应用电子束对亚细胞成分进行成像的显微镜。
延伸因子
在转译延伸阶段发挥作用的蛋白质。 内切核酸酶
在分子的内部切割DNA或RNA的酶（与在分子的末端切割相反）。前缀‘endo-’ = ‘内部’。
增强子
具有调控作用的DNA元件，激活蛋白结合上去后可以增强转录速率。 酶
催化反应的蛋白质。
乙基甲磺酸（EMS） 一种烷化剂，能将一个乙基（烷基的一种）加到目标分子上。
常染色质
比异染色质包装松散并含有已转录基因的染色质区域。
切除修复
受损碱基修复机理的通用名称。Excise = 从某事物中去除。在切除修复中，受损的碱基（以及一些邻近碱基）被从DNA中去除并重新合成。
外显子
基因中被表达（expressed）成蛋白质的部分。由内含子打断编码区域而形成。 外切核酸酶
从分子的末端降解DNA或RNA的酶；换句话说，是从外面（exterior）进行切割。 外来体
一种含有外切核酸酶、以3’?5’方向降解mRNA的蛋白质复合体。
Ferritin Protein that binds to iron in the cytoplasm. ‘Ferr’ comes from the Latin word for iron.
Five prime end The end of a DNA strand that terminates with the five 铁蛋白
在细胞质中与铁结合的蛋白质。‘Ferr’来自‘铁’的拉丁文。
五一撇末端
DNA链的一个末端，以脱氧核糖核苷酸
prime (5’) carbon (which has a phosphate attached) of the ribose in a deoxyribnoucleotide. ‘Prime’ means nothing here; it simply denotes that the label ‘five’ comes from arbitrary numbering of the ribose carbons.
Forward genetics Genetic/molecular biology research in which a phenotype is first considered, and later the gene
responsible is isolated.
Frameshift A mutation that causes a shifting of the reading frame of an mRNA. Caused by insertions and deletions.
Fusion protein A protein that is made by fusing together two or more different proteins.
Gel electrophoresis A technique for separating DNA according to length. The DNA is pulled through a piece of gel by a voltage because of its electric charge.
Gel-filtration chromatography A form of column chromatography that separates proteins according to size. Uses beads made gel, with small tunnels that trap smaller proteins more easily than larger proteins. Filtration = separation of components in a mixture.
Gene conversion Consequence of homologous recombination, in which hybridization between different alleles causes one allele to be converted into the other. This occurs by mismatch repair.
Gene expression The process of making a protein from a gene. In normal English, to ‘express’ yourself = to say what you are thinking. In gene expression, the cell makes something from the information that the gene is holding.
Genetic material A general term to describe a material that can pass traits from generation to generation. The term was mainly used in the past, before DNA was discovered to be the genetic material.
Global control Regulation of all translation in the cell at once. In normal English, global = something that happens everywhere.
中核糖的五一撇（5’）碳（上面连接着磷酸）结尾。‘一撇’在这儿没有含义；它只是简单地表示‘五’这一记号来自于对核糖上碳的人为编号。
正向遗传学
一种遗传学/分子生物学研究，研究中先考虑表型、之后再分离相关的基因。 移码
一种引起mRNA读码框位置发生变化的突变。由插入和缺失引起。
融合蛋白
通过融合两个或多个不同蛋白产生的蛋白质。
凝胶电泳
根据长度将DNA分离的技术。由于DNA上带有电荷（electric charge），它们在电压作用下被牵引着在凝胶中移动。 凝胶过滤层析
一种根据分子大小分离蛋白质的柱层析。采用珠状凝胶，凝胶中带有小的通道，小分子比大分子更容易被通道捕捉。过滤 = 从混合物中分离组分。
基因转换
同源重组的后果，在不同等位基因之间的杂交使其中的一个等位基因被转换成了另一个等位基因。这是由错配修复引起的。
基因表达
从基因产生蛋白质的过程。在日常英语中，to ‘express’ yourself = 说出你的想法。在基因表达中，细胞从基因持有的信息中产生某种物质。
遗传物质
用来描述可以将性状在世代间传递的物质的常用术语。该术语主要在过去使用，即在DNA被发现是遗传物质之前。 全局控制
细胞中一次就对所有转译过程进行的调控。在日常英语中，global = 在任何地方都发生。
Group I introns Self-splicing introns that use a free guanylate nucleotide in the splicing mechanism.
Group II introns Self-splicing introns that follow nearly the same basic splicing reaction as normally occurs with the spliceosome.
Guide RNAs (gRNAs) RNAs that guide mRNA editing in trypanosomes. I类内含子
自我剪接型内含子，在剪接过程中使用鸟苷酸。
II类内含子
自我剪接型内含子，剪接过程几乎与有剪接体参与的剪接反应相同。
指导RNA（gRNA）
在锥虫中指导mRNA编辑的RNA。指导
Direct addition and deletion of uracils from the mRNA.
Hairpin loop An RNA structure caused by hybridization between neighboring regions of RNA. Somewhat resembles a hairpin.
Helicase Enzyme that separates the two strands of the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the two strands.
Helix-loop-helix (HLH) A DNA-binding domain in proteins. Each half of the domain consists of two α-helices connected by a peptide loop. The two halves, usually present on different proteins, come together at the binding site on DNA.
Helix-turn-helix (HTH) A common DNA-binding motif in prokaryotic proteins. Consists of two α-helices connected by a short peptide turn.
Heterochromatin Regions of DNA tightly packaged with proteins, usually does not contain genes to be expressed.
Heterodimerization Formation of dimers between two different subunits. The prefix ‘hetero-’ = different.
Heteroduplex joint Site on a chromosome, produced after homologous recombination, where a region of DNA from one chromosome meets a region from a different chromosome. At the joint, single-stranded DNAs from the different chromosomes are hybridized. The prefix ‘hetero-’ = different.
Histone code Combinations of covalent modifications on histones that have a functional significance and are recognized by proteins.
Histone tails Long unstructured ends of histones that stick out from the nucleosome. Can bind to other DNA and to other
向mRNA添加或从中删去尿嘧啶。 发夹环
一种RNA结构，由RNA邻近区域之间杂交产生。看起来有些像发夹。
解旋酶
通过打断两条链之间的氢键而将双螺旋（helix）的两条链分开的酶。
螺旋-环-螺旋（HLH）
蛋白质的一种DNA结合域。该结合域的每一半由两个α-螺旋通过一个肽环连接在一起。该结合域的两半通常来自于不同蛋白，它们会聚集到目标DNA位置并发生结合。
螺旋-转角-螺旋（HTH）
原核生物中常见的DNA结合基序。由两个α-螺旋通过一个肽转角连接在一起。 异染色质
与蛋白质紧密包装在一起的DNA区域，通常没有需要表达的基因。
异源二聚化作用
两个不同亚基之间形成二聚体的过程。前缀‘hetero-’ = 不同的。
异源双链接头
染色体上由同源重组产生的位点，其中来自一条染色体的DNA区域与来自另一条染色体的区域相遇。在接头处，来自不同染色体的单链DNA杂交在一起。前缀‘hetero-’ = 不同的。
组蛋白密码
在组蛋白上发生的共价修饰组合，具有功能意义，能被蛋白质识别。
组蛋白尾
从核小体中伸出的组蛋白非结构化长末端。能与其它DNA和其它组蛋白结合，
histones, and can be covalently modified.
Histones Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to organize it and regulate transcription.
Holliday junctions Structure formed during homologous recombination connection of single strands of one chromosome to the other chromosome. Named after a scientist called 能被共价修饰。
组蛋白
用于缠绕DNA以组织DNA并调控转录的蛋白质。
Holliday交叉
在同源重组中一条染色体的单链与另一条染色体的单链连接形成的结构。根据科学家的名字Holliday命名。
Holliday.
Homeodomain DNA-binding domain, found in many eukaryotic proteins involved in organismal development.
Homologous chromosomes Chromosomes that are not identical, but have the same set of genes. The prefix ‘homo-’ = ‘same’.
Homologous recombination Recombination between DNA molecules with similar DNA sequences. The prefix ‘homo-’ = ‘same.’
Housekeeping genes Genes that must be transcribed in all cells, because they have a function that is basic to cell survival. In normal English, ‘housekeeping’ refers to the daily activities required in a home, like cleaning and cooking. Housekeeping genes are genes perform the daily activities required in a cell.
Hybridization The binding of two strands of nucleic acid. Hybridization can occur between two different DNA molecules, and between DNA and RNA.
Hydrogen bonds Relatively weak interatomic bonds involving hydrogen atoms that are partially positively charged.
Hydrophobic interaction Interaction that occurs between non-polar molecules in the presence of water. Prefix ‘hydro-’ = ‘water’, and suffix ‘-phobic’ = ‘afraid of’.
Immunoprecipitation Technique in which proteins are isolated by antibodies. Name origin: antibodies are sometimes called immunoglobulins, because they are active in the immune system. The technique creates a clump of proteins called a precipitate.
Induced mutations Mutations caused by factors not normally present in the cell.
Induced-fit A change in the structure of an enzyme’s active site during catalysis.
同源异形域
DNA结合域，在许多真核生物中发现，在生物发育中起作用。
同源染色体
不是完全相同但具有同样一套基因的染色体。前缀‘homo-’ = ‘相同的’。 同源重组
在具有相似DNA序列的DNA分子之间发生的重组。前缀‘homo-’ = ‘相同的’。 持家基因
在所有细胞中必须被转录的基因，因为它们具有的功能对细胞生存来说是最基本的。在日常英语中，‘housekeeping’指在家里需要做的日常事务。持家基因是那些需要在细胞中执行日常事务的基因。 杂交
核酸的两条链之间的结合。杂交可以发生在两条不同的DNA分子之间，以及DNA和RNA之间。
氢键
相对较弱的原子之间形成的键，由于氢原子上带有部分正电荷而引起。
疏水相互作用
当非极性分子被置于水中发生的相互作用。前缀‘hydro-’ = ‘水’，后缀‘-phobic’ = ‘害怕’。
免疫沉淀法
通过抗体对蛋白质进行分离的技术。名称来源：抗体有时称为免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulins），因为它们在免疫系统中很活跃。该技术产生一种蛋白质聚集形成的沉淀。
诱导突变
由通常不是细胞的正常成分引起的突变。 诱导契合
在催化过程中酶的活性位点结构所发生的改变。
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