µÚÒ»·¶ÎÄÍø - רҵÎÄÕ·¶ÀýÎĵµ×ÊÁÏ·ÖÏíÆ½Ì¨

»·¾³Éú̬ѧ¸´Ï°ÖªÊ¶µã×ܽá

À´Ô´£ºÓû§·ÖÏí ʱ¼ä£º2025/7/24 7:38:50 ±¾ÎÄÓÉloading ·ÖÏí ÏÂÔØÕâÆªÎĵµÊÖ»ú°æ
˵Ã÷£ºÎÄÕÂÄÚÈݽö¹©Ô¤ÀÀ£¬²¿·ÖÄÚÈÝ¿ÉÄܲ»È«£¬ÐèÒªÍêÕûÎĵµ»òÕßÐèÒª¸´ÖÆÄÚÈÝ£¬ÇëÏÂÔØwordºóʹÓá£ÏÂÔØwordÓÐÎÊÌâÇëÌí¼Ó΢ÐźÅ:xxxxxxx»òQQ£ºxxxxxx ´¦Àí£¨¾¡¿ÉÄܸøÄúÌṩÍêÕûÎĵµ£©£¬¸ÐлÄúµÄÖ§³ÖÓëÁ½⡣

Ó¢¹úÉú̬ѧ¼Ò̹˹Àû£¨1954£©Ìá³öµÄ£» Èç¹ûÒ»¸öȺÂäÔÚijÖÖÉú¾³Öлù±¾Îȶ¨£¬ÄÜ×ÔÐз±Ö³²¢½áÊøËüµÄÑÝÌæ¹ý³Ì£¬¾Í¿É¿´×÷ÊǶ¥¼«ÈºÂ䣬¶ø²»±Ø»ã¼¯ÓÚÒ»¸ö¹²Í¬µÄÆøºò¶¥¼«Öյ㡣 ¼´ÔÚÒ»¸öÆøºòÇøÄÚ£¬ÈºÂäÑÝÌæµÄ×îÖÕ½á¹û²»Ò»¶¨¶¼ÐγÉÒ»¸öÏàͬµÄÆøºò¶¥¼«ÈºÂä¡£³ýÁËÆøºò¶¥¼«Í⣬»¹¿ÉÓÐÍÁÈÀ¶¥¼«¡¢µØÐζ¥¼«¡¢»ðÉÕ¶¥¼«µÈ¡£ µ¥Ôª¶¥¼¶Ñ§ËµºÍ¶àÔª¶¥¼¶Ñ§ËµµÄÒìͬµã 1)Ïàͬµã

¶¼³ÐÈ϶¥¼«ÈºÂäÊǾ­¹ýµ¥Ïò±ä»¯ºó£¬ÒÑ´ïµ½ÁËÎȶ¨×´Ì¬µÄȺÂ䣬¶ø¶¥¼«ÈºÂäÔÚʱ¼äÉϱ仯ºÍ¿Õ¼äÉÏ·Ö²¼¶¼ÊǺÍÉú¾³ÏàÊÊÓ¦µÄ£» 2)²»Í¬µã

¢Åµ¥Ôª¶¥¼«Ñ§ËµÈÏΪÔÚÒ»¸öÆøºòÇøÄÚ£¬ËùÓÐȺÂä¶¼Ç÷ͬÖÕ½áÓÚÆøºò¶¥¼«£»¶ø¶àÔª¶¥¼¶Ñ§ËµÈÏΪËùÓÐȺÂä×îºó²»¶¼Ç÷ÓÚÒ»¸öÆøºò¶¥¼«£»

¢Æµ¥Ôª¶¥¼«Ñ§ËµÈÏΪ£¬ÆøºòÊÇÑÝÌæµÄ¾ö¶¨ÒòËØ£¬ÆäËüÒòËØÖ»ÊǵڶþλµÄ£¬¿É×èֹȺÂä·¢Õ¹ÎªÆøºò¶¥¼«£»¶àÔª¶¥¼¶Ñ§ËµÔòÇ¿µ÷Éú̬ϵͳÖи÷ÒòËØµÄ×ÛºÏÓ°Ï죬³ýÆøºòÍâµÄÆäËûÒòËØÒà¿É¾ö¶¨¶¥¼«µÄÐγɡ£

4.4 ȺÂäµÄÑÝÌæ

4¡¢¶¥¼«¸ñ¾Ö¼Ù˵(Climax pattern hypothesis) ÃÀ¹ú Whittaker£¨1953Ä꣩

ÈκÎÇøÓòµÄ»·¾³Òò×Ó¶¼ÊDz»¶Ï±ä»¯µÄ£¬Ëæ×Å»·¾³Ìݶȵı仯£¬¸÷ÖÖÀàÐ͵Ķ¥¼«ÈºÂä²»ÊǽØÈ»³ÊÀëɢ״̬£¬¶øÊÇÁ¬Ðø±ä»¯µÄ£¬Òò¶øÐγÉÁ¬ÐøµÄ¶¥¼«ÀàÐÍ£¬¹¹³ÉÒ»¸ö¶¥¼«ÈºÂäÁ¬Ðø±ä»¯µÄ¸ñ¾Ö¡£

ÔÚÕâ¸ö¸ñ¾ÖÖУ¬·Ö²¼×î¹ãÇÒͨ³£Î»ÓÚ¸ñ¾ÖÖÐÐĵĶ¥¼«ÈºÂä½ÐÓÅÊÆ¶¥¼«£¬ËüÊÇ×îÄÜ·´Ó³¸ÃµØÇøÆøºòÌØÕ÷µÄ¶¥¼«ÈºÂä¡£

±¾ÕÂÖØµã

1.»ù±¾¸ÅÄ ȺÂä¡¢±ßԵЧӦ¡¢¹Ø¼üÖÖ¡¢ÓÅÊÆÖÖ¡¢½¨ÈºÖÖ¡¢ÈßÓàÖÖ¡¢¶¥¼¶ÈºÂä 2.ÊÔÊöÉúÎïȺÂäµÄ»ù±¾ÌØÕ÷¡£

3. ʲôÊÇȺÂäµÄÔ­ÉúÑÝÌæºÍ´ÎÉúÑÝÌæ£¿ËüÃǶþÕßµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿ 4.ÆÀÊöȺÂäÑÝÌæ¡°¶¥¼«¡±Ñ§Ëµ»ù±¾ÀíÂÛÒªµã¼°Òìͬµã¡£

µÚÎåÕ Éú̬ϵͳÉú̬ѧ

Ò»¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ¸ÅÄî¼°ÌØÕ÷

1¡¢Éú̬ϵͳ(ecosystem)£ºÉú̬ϵͳÊÇ×ÔÈ»½çÒ»¶¨¿Õ¼äµÄÉúÎïÓë»·¾³Ö®¼äÏ໥×÷Óá¢Ïà»¥ÖÆÔ¼£¬²»¶ÏÑݱ䣬´ïµ½¶¯Ì¬Æ½ºâ¡¢Ïà¶ÔÎȶ¨µÄͳһÕûÌ壬ÊǾßÓÐÒ»¶¨½á¹¹ºÍ¹¦Äܵĵ¥Î»¡£ Ó¢¹úÉú̬ѧ¼Ò°¢Éª?ÇÇÖÎ?˹̹Àû £¨Ô­ÎÄ£©Ecosystem is the whole system,¡­ including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment¡­

Ò»¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ¸ÅÄî¼°ÌØÕ÷ 1¡¢Éú̬ϵͳ(ecosystem)£ºÔÚÒ»¶¨¿Õ¼äÖй²Í¬ÆÜ¾Ó×ŵÄËùÓÐÉúÎï(ÉúÎïȺÂä)ÓëÆä»·¾³Ö®¼äÓÉÓÚ²»¶Ï½øÐÐÎïÖÊÑ­»·ºÍÄÜÁ¿Á÷¶¯¹ý³Ì¶øÐγɵÄͳһÕûÌå¡£ Éú̬ϵͳÊÇÒ»¸ö¹¦Äܵ¥Î»£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÉúÎïѧÖеķÖÀ൥λ¡£

Ò»¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ¸ÅÄî¼°ÌØÕ÷

2¡¢ÏµÍ³(system)£ºÏ໥×÷Óá¢Ï໥ÒÀÀµµÄÊÂÎïÓйæÂɵØÁªºÏµÄ¼¯ºÏÌå¡£ Ðí¶à³É·Ö×é³É

¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¡¢Ìض¨µÄ¹¦ÄÜ

¸÷³É·Ö¼äÏ໥ÁªÏµ¡¢Ï໥×÷Óà һ¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ¸ÅÄî¼°ÌØÕ÷ 3¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄÌØÕ÷£º ÊÇÒ»¸ö¿ª·Åϵͳ

¾ßÓÐͬÍâ½ç½øÐÐÎïÖʺÍÄÜÁ¿½»»»µÄÄÜÁ¦ ´¦ÓÚÔ˶¯Ö®ÖÐ

ËüÊÇ·¢Õ¹µÄ£¬¼´Ê¹³öÏÖÆ½ºâ£¬Ò²Ö»ÊÇÏà¶ÔƽºâºÍ¶¯Ì¬Æ½ºâ£¬ÈçÈË¿ÚÔö³¤ÂÊΪ0£¬Ò²ÊÇÓÐÉúÓÐËÀ¡£

¾ßÓÐ×ÔÎÒ»Ö¸´ºÍµ÷½ÚÄÜÁ¦

ÉÙÁ¿Èý·ÏµÄÅÅ·Å£¬¾­×ÔÈ»½ç΢ÉúÎïµÄ·Ö½â£¬Ò²¿É´ïµ½¾»»¯¡£ ÊDz»¶Ï·¢Õ¹¡¢½ø»¯ºÍÑݱäÐγɵģ¬ÊÇÒ»¸ö¶¯Ì¬ÏµÍ³ ´ÓÔ³µ½ÈË£¬Êǽø»¯µÄ½á¹û£»ÐÜèÔòÊÇÍÉ»¯µÄÀý×Ó¡£

Éú̬ϵͳÊÇÉú̬ѧµÄÒ»¸öÖ÷Òª½á¹¹ºÍ¹¦Äܵ¥Î»£¬ÊôÓÚÉú̬ѧÑо¿µÄ×î¸ß²ã´Î£» ÄÚ²¿¾ßÓÐ×ÔÎÒµ÷½ÚÄÜÁ¦£»

ÄÜÁ¿Á÷¶¯¡¢ÎïÖÊÑ­»·ºÍÐÅÏ¢´«µÝÊÇÉú̬ϵͳµÄÈý´ó¹¦ÄÜ£»

ÓªÑø¼¶µÄÊýÄ¿ÊÜÏÞÓÚÉú²úÕßËù¹Ì¶¨µÄ×î´óÄÜÖµºÍÄÜÁ¿ÔÚÁ÷¶¯Öо޴óËðʧ£¬Éú̬ϵͳÖÐÓªÑø¼¶²»»á³¬¹ý5-6¸ö£»

Èý¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ×é³É 1 ÉúÎïȺÂä

Éú²úÕß (producer)

Ïû·ÑÕß (consumer)£ºÊ³²Ý¶¯ÎʳÈ⶯Îï¡¢´óÐÍʳÈ⶯Îï ·Ö½âÕß (decomposer) 2 ·ÇÉúÎï»·¾³ ÎÞ»úÎïÖÊ ÓлúÎïÖÊ

ÆøºòÒòËØ(¼°ÆäËûÎïÀíÌõ¼þ£© Èý¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ×é³É Èý¡¢Éú̬ϵͳµÄ×é³É ÎÞ»úÎï Óлú»¯ºÏÎï ÆøºòÒòËØ ¢ÚÉú²úÕß (producer)

¢ÛÏû·ÑÕß (consumer) ¢Ü·Ö½âÕß (»¹Ô­Õß) (decomposer)

³ØÌÁÉú̬ϵͳʾÒâͼ

Éú̬ϵͳ¸÷³É·ÝµÄÏ໥¹ØÏµ

ÎÞ»úÎïÖÊ ÓлúÎïÖÊ ÆøºòÒòËØ 5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹ ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹ ʱ¼ä½á¹¹ ÓªÑø½á¹¹ ʳÎïÁ´ ʳÎïÍø

5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹ Ò»¡¢Ê³ÎïÁ´ºÍʳÎïÍø

1¡¢Ê³ÎïÁ´ (food chain)£ºÉú²úÕßËù¹Ì¶¨µÄÄÜÁ¿ºÍÎïÖÊ£¬Í¨¹ýһϵÁÐȡʳºÍ±»Ê³µÄ¹ØÏµÔÚÉú̬ϵͳÖд«µÝ£¬¸÷ÖÖÉúÎï°´ÆäʳÎï¹ØÏµÅÅÁеÄÁ´×´Ë³Ðò¡£

2¡¢Ê³ÎïÍø (food web)£ºÊ³ÎïÁ´±Ë´Ë½»´íÁ¬½á£¬ÐγÉÒ»¸öÍø×´½á¹¹. ¶þ¡¢Ê³ÎïÁ´µÄÀàÐÍ 1¡¢²¶Ê³Ê³ÎïÁ´ 2¡¢ËéмʳÎïÁ´ 3¡¢¼ÄÉúʳÎïÁ´

1¡¢²¶Ê³Ê³ÎïÁ´

ÂÌɫֲÎïΪÆðµãµ½Ê³²Ý¶¯Îï½ø¶øµ½Ê³È⶯ÎïµÄʳÎïÁ´¡£ Ö²Îï-ʳ²Ý¶¯Îï-ʳÈ⶯Îï ²ÝÔ­ÉÏ£ºÇà²Ý-Ò°ÍÃ-ºüÀê-ÀÇ ºþ²´ÖУºÔåÀà-¼×¿ÇÀà-СÓã-´óÓã

2¡¢ËéмʳÎïÁ´

¶¯¡¢Ö²ÎïµÄÒÅÌ屻ʳ¸¯ÐÔÉúÎï(СÐÍÍÁÈÀ¶¯Îï¡¢Õæ¾ú¡¢Ï¸¾ú)ȡʳ£¬È»ºóµ½ËûÃǵIJ¶Ê³ÕßµÄʳÎïÁ´.

Ö²Îï²ÐÌå-òÇò¾-Ïß³æÀà-½ÚÖ«¶¯Îï

3¡¢¼ÄÉúʳÎïÁ´

ÓÉËÞÖ÷ºÍ¼ÄÉúÎï¹¹³É

ÒÔ´óÐͶ¯ÎïΪʳÎïÁ´µÄÆðµã£¬¼ÌÖ®ÒÔСÐͶ¯Î΢ÐͶ¯Îϸ¾úºÍ²¡¶¾. ºóÕßÓëǰÕßÊǼÄÉú¹ØÏµ.

²¸È鶯Îï»òÄñÀà-ÌøÔé-Ô­Éú¶¯Îï-ϸ¾ú-²¡¶¾ Ò»¸ö¼òµ¥µÄʳÎïÁ´

Ò»¸öʳÎïÁ´µÄÀý×Ó¡°ó«òë²¶²õ£¬»ÆÈ¸ÔÚºó¡± 5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹

Èý¡¢Ê³ÎïÍø

Ò»ÖÖÉúÎï³£³£ÒÔ¶àÖÖʳÎïΪʳ£¬¶øÍ¬Ò»ÖÖʳÎïÓÖ³£³£Îª¶àÖÖÏû·ÑÕßȡʳ£¬ÓÚÊÇʳÎïÁ´½»´íÆðÀ´£¬¶àÌõʳÎïÁ´ÏàÁª£¬ÐγÉÁËʳÎïÍø¡£ ʳÎïÍø²»½öά³Ö×ÅÉú̬ϵͳµÄÏà¶Ôƽºâ£¬²¢Íƶ¯×ÅÉúÎïµÄ½ø»¯£¬³ÉΪ×ÔÈ»½ç·¢Õ¹ÑݱäµÄ¶¯Á¦¡£ ʳÎïÍøÒÔÓªÑøÎªÅ¦´ø£¬°ÑÉúÎïÓë»·¾³¡¢ÉúÎïÓëÉúÎï½ôÃÜÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄ½á¹¹£¬³ÆÎªÉú̬ϵͳµÄÓªÑø½á¹¹¡£ ʳÎïÍø

Ò»¸ö½µØÉú̬ϵͳµÄ²¿·ÖʳÎïÍø ÂäÒ¶ÁÖʳÎïÍø

5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹

ËÄ¡¢ ÓªÑø¼¶ÓëÉú̬½ð×ÖËþ ÓªÑø¼¶£¨trophic levels£©£º´¦ÓÚʳÎïÁ´Ä³Ò»»·½ÚÉϵÄËùÓÐÉúÎïÖÖµÄ×ܺͣ» Éú̬½ð×ÖËþ£¨ecological pyramid£©£ºÉú̬ϵͳÖеÄÄÜÁ¿¡¢ÉúÎïÁ¿»òÉúÎï¸öÌåÊýÄ¿¾ùͨ¹ýÓªÑø¼¶Öð¼¶¼õÉÙ£¬½«ÆäÓɵ͵½¸ß»æÖƳÉͼ£¬¾Í³ÉΪһ¸ö½ð×ÖËþÐΣ¬¿É·Ö±ð³ÆÎª£º ÄÜÁ¿½ð×ÖËþ£¨pyramid of energy£© ÉúÎïÁ¿½ð×ÖËþ£¨pyramid of biomass£© ÊýÁ¿½ð×ÖËþ£¨pyramid of numbers£© ÈýÀà½ð×ÖËþͳ³ÆÎªÉú̬½ð×ÖËþ¡£ 5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹ 5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹ 5.2 Éú̬ϵͳµÄ½á¹¹ 5.3 Éú̬ϵͳµÄÖ÷ÒªÀàÐÍ

Ò»¡¢°´ÕÕÉú̬ϵͳµÄÉúÎï³É·Ö£¬¿É·ÖΪ£º

Ö²ÎïÉú̬ϵͳ£ºÖ²ÎïΪÖ÷£¬ÈçÉ­ÁÖ¡¢²ÝµØÉú̬ϵͳ¡£ ¶¯ÎïÉú̬ϵͳ£º¶¯ÎïΪÖ÷£¬ÈçÓãÌÁ¡¢ÐóÄÁÉú̬ϵͳ¡£

΢ÉúÎïÉú̬ϵͳ£ºÏ¸¾ú¡¢Õæ¾úµÈ΢ÉúÎïΪÖ÷£¬ÈçÍÁÈÀ¸¯Ö³²ã¡¢³ØÌÁµ×Äà¡£ ÈËÀàÉú̬ϵͳ£ºÈËΪÖ÷Ì壬Èç³ÇÊС¢ÏçÕòµÈÉú̬ϵͳ¡£ 5.3 Éú̬ϵͳµÄÖ÷ÒªÀàÐÍ

¶þ¡¢°´ÕÕÉú̬ϵͳ½á¹¹ºÍÍâ½çÎïÖÊÓëÄÜÁ¿½»»»×´¿ö£¬¿É·ÖΪ£º ¿ª·Åϵͳ£ºÄÜÁ¿ºÍÎïÖÊ¿ÉÔÚϵͳÄÚÍâ²»¶Ï½»»»£¬´ó¶àÊô´ËÀàÐÍ¡£

·â±Õϵͳ£º×èÖ¹ÈκÎÎïÖʵÄÊäÈëºÍÊä³ö£¬µ«²»ÄÜ×èÖ¹ÄÜÁ¿µÄ³öÈë¡£ÈçÓîÖæ·É´¬¡£

¸ôÀëϵͳ£º¾ß·â±ÕµÄ±ßÔµ£¬¼È×èÖ¹ÎïÖÊÓÖ×èÖ¹ÄÜÁ¿µÄÊäÈëºÍÊä³ö£¬ÓëÍâ½çÍêÈ«¸ô¾ø£¬ÕâÊǸù¾ÝÌØÊâÐèÒª¶øÉè¼ÆµÄÄ£ÄâÊÔÑéϵͳ¡£ 5.3 Éú̬ϵͳµÄÖ÷ÒªÀàÐÍ

Èý¡¢¸ù¾ÝÉú̬Ìõ¼þ£ºË®ÉúÉú̬ϵͳºÍ½µØÉú̬ϵͳ Ë®ÉúÉú̬ϵͳ£ºº£ÑóÉú̬ϵͳºÍµ­Ë®Éú̬ϵͳ£» µ­Ë®Éú̬ϵͳ£ºÁ÷Ë®Éú̬ϵͳºÍ¾²Ë®Éú̬ϵͳ¡£ ½µØÉú̬ϵͳ£ºÉ­ÁÖ¡¢²ÝÔ­¡¢»ÄÄ®¡¢¸ßɽµÈ¡£

É­ÁÖÉú̬ϵͳ£ºÈÈ´ø¡¢ÑÇÈÈ´ø¡¢Î´øºÍº®Î´øÉ­ÁÖÉú̬ϵͳµÈ¡£ 5.3 Éú̬ϵͳµÄÖ÷ÒªÀàÐÍ

¹ý¶ÉÉú̬ϵͳ£ºÊªµØÉú̬ϵͳ¡£

ʪµØÉú̬ϵͳ£º²»ÂÛÆäΪÌìÈ»»òÈ˹¤¡¢³£¾Ã»òÔÝʱ֮ÕÓÔ󵨡¢ÊªÔ­¡¢ÄàÌ¿µØ»òË®ÓòµØ´ø,´øÓо²Ö¹»òÁ÷¶¯¡¢»òΪµ­Ë®¡¢°ëÏÌË®»òÏÌˮˮÌåÕß,°üÀ¨µÍ³±Ê±Ë®Éî²»³¬¹ý6mµÄË®Óò¡£

ËÑË÷¸ü¶à¹ØÓÚ£º »·¾³Éú̬ѧ¸´Ï°ÖªÊ¶µã×Ü½á µÄÎĵµ
»·¾³Éú̬ѧ¸´Ï°ÖªÊ¶µã×ܽá.doc ½«±¾ÎĵÄWordÎĵµÏÂÔØµ½µçÄÔ£¬·½±ã¸´ÖÆ¡¢±à¼­¡¢ÊղغʹòÓ¡
±¾ÎÄÁ´½Ó£ºhttps://www.diyifanwen.net/c729197efu286wqv5qty8_10.html£¨×ªÔØÇë×¢Ã÷ÎÄÕÂÀ´Ô´£©

Ïà¹ØÍÆ¼ö£º

ÈÈÃÅÍÆ¼ö
Copyright © 2012-2023 µÚÒ»·¶ÎÄÍø °æÈ¨ËùÓÐ ÃâÔðÉùÃ÷ | ÁªÏµÎÒÃÇ
ÉùÃ÷ :±¾ÍøÕ¾×ðÖØ²¢±£»¤ÖªÊ¶²úȨ£¬¸ù¾Ý¡¶ÐÅÏ¢ÍøÂç´«²¥È¨±£»¤ÌõÀý¡·£¬Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇ×ªÔØµÄ×÷Æ·ÇÖ·¸ÁËÄúµÄȨÀû,ÇëÔÚÒ»¸öÔÂÄÚ֪ͨÎÒÃÇ£¬ÎÒÃǻἰʱɾ³ý¡£
¿Í·þQQ£ºxxxxxx ÓÊÏ䣺xxxxxx@qq.com
ÓåICP±¸2023013149ºÅ
Top