题型五 阅读理解
贵阳五年中考命题规律及趋势
阅读技能是学生综合语言应用能力的一个重要方面，也是初中英语学业考试的重点。 贵阳市中考阅读理解部分的具体题型及赋分如下：
题号 题型 内容 题数 小题分值赋分 分值 小计 2 2 20 30 10 V 阅读理解 A.选择填空型阅读。(要求学生阅读两10 篇材料，根据其内容选择最佳答案。) B.句子还原型阅读。(要求学生根据短文内容，从方框中选择五个选项分别5 填入空白处，使其文理通顺。) A部分(A)篇文体多为说明文，2015年首次出现了诗歌，话题主要是关于动物介绍、中国四大文明、环境保护、回忆学校生活、国外习俗等。词数一般在220词左右。形式可为短文、表格、叙事诗等。考查方式上主要有：细节理解题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题、推理判断题。设题形式以探究型选择为主。
A部分(B)篇主要为说明文或记叙文，话题主要为文化、生活、环境类说明文，也有励志故事类记叙文，考查方式上多为推理判断题，偶尔考查细节理解题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题，设题形式也是探究型选择。
B部分主要为记叙文，但也可能是说明文或应用文，话题多涉及科技类、励志故事、人物经历及感受、跨文化介绍等。词数在270～300词，考查方式为句子还原，多为六个句子，其中有5个句子要还原在短文中。
解题方法与技巧 A．选择填空型阅读
选择填空型阅读中的篇章通常素材、题材广泛，体裁多样。中考英语阅读理解着重考查通过阅读，正确理解各种题材和体裁的书面材料以及从中获取信息、理解信息和二次加工信息的能力。常见阅读理解的考查方式有以下几种形式：细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、标题归纳题与数字计算题。具体的解题方法与技巧如下：
1．阅读原文，理解大意
首先读原文，捕捉文中所提供的信息，抓住文章大意，理清文章脉络。 2．审读题目，正确判断
读懂短文内容后再审读题目，把握每个待判定问题的含义，通过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关的关键词，然后寻找该关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落，依据短文内容对试题所给出的问题进行判断，从而得出正确答案。
3．重读原文，复核检查
完成各小题后必须将短文重读一遍，加深对短文的理解，在此基础上再对每一道题进行复查，对有些似是而非的句子，一定要重新认真识别。
B．句子还原型阅读(六选五)
还原型阅读主要考查学生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。选项可分为：主旨概括句(文章整体内容)、过渡性句子(文章结构)、注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)。其多余的一个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。具体的解题方法与技巧如下：
1．通读全文。对文章进行快速浏览，寻找主题句，抓住文章结构及文章的写作内容。
在阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式；首段的末句一般是全文的主题所在，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读
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者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意首段与末段的提示作用。
2．详读段落，在短时间内，找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。
文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开，对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词，明确其描述内容，为试题的解决做好铺垫。
3．定位选项。明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，将选项填入文中。
在定位选项时，要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。将所选选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。
4．通读复检。将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。
在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。
5．研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。
(2018贵阳初中毕业生学业考试)
A．阅读下列材料，根据其内容选择最佳答案。
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There are about 10 million different kinds of animals on the earth and they come in all shapes and sizes.The book named Variety in the Animal Kingdom simply introduces the huge variety of the animal kingdom.It features some of the most unusual animals in the world and includes key data on each species(物种) and their habits in the wild.
Some of the strangest animals in the world live in Australia and New Zealand.There is the kakapo parrot.It is a bird but it cannot fly.It is a nocturnal animal.It sleeps in the day and eats at night.There are only 131 kakapo parrots in the world.
The kiwi is another bird that cannot fly.Some birds are very beautiful，but the kiwi is not.It is one of the ugliest birds in the world.But the kiwi is the most romantic bird in the world.Male and female kiwis live together for 30 years.
Australia has many strange animals.The most surprising Australian animal is the platypus.It has the face and feet of a bird，the body of a rat and the tail of a beaver(河狸)．It is a mammal(哺乳动物) but it lays eggs.
The smallest mammal in the world lives in Asia.It is the bumblebee bat.It lives in Thailand.It is only 2.5 cm long and it weighs 3 g．There are only 2，000 bumblebee bats left in Thailand because people burn the forest where they live.
( )1.The book named Variety in the Animal Kingdom mainly talks about ______． A．special animals in the world B．birds in New Zealand C．animals in Australia
( )2.The underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 2 means “______” in Chinese. A．嗜睡的 B．夜行的 C．贪吃的
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( )3.______ kinds of birds that cannot fly are mentioned in the passage. A．Two B．Three C．Four
( )4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．A platypus has the body of a beaver. B．A kiwi is romantic though it is ugly.
C．The number of kakapo parrot is larger than that of bumblebee bat. ( )5.We can most probably read the passage from ______． A．a history book B．a medical report C．a science magazine
【主旨大意】本文主要介绍了《动物王国多样性》这本书中四种不同种类的动物——鸮鹦鹉、几维鸟、鸭嘴兽、大黄蜂蝠(猪鼻蝙蝠)。
1．A 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：《动物王国多样性》这本书主要谈论______。A.世界上特别的动物；B.新西兰的鸟；C.澳大利亚的动物。第一段最后一句“It features some of the most unusual animals in the world…”中 “unusual” 一词和 “special”为近义词，故选A。
2．B 【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：第二段画线单词“nocturnal” 的汉语意思是______。根据第二段倒数第二句“ It sleeps in the day and eats at night.”，故选B。
3．A 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：文中提到了______种不会飞的鸟。A.二； B．三；C.四。根据第二段的第三句“It is a bird but it cannot fly.”和第三段第一句“The kiwi is another bird that cannot fly.”可知有两种动物，故选A 。
4．B 【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文章，下列哪项是正确的？A.鸭嘴兽有着如同河狸一样的身体；B.几维鸟尽管很丑，但是很浪漫；C.鸮鹦鹉的数量比大黄蜂蝠的数量要多。根据第四段的第三句…the body of a rat…可知A表述不符；根据第三段第三句和第四句…one of the ugliest birds…the most romantic bird…可知B符合文意；根据第二段最后一句…only 131 kakapo parrots…和最后一段最后一句…only 2，000 bumblebee bats可知，鸮鹦鹉的数量比大黄蜂蝠的数量要少，故选B。
5．C 【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：我们最有可能从______中读到该篇文章。A.一本历史书；B.一份医学报告；C.一本科学杂志。本文主要介绍的是动物的体形特征和生活习性，故选C。
B．阅读短文，根据短文内容，从方框中选择五个选项分别填入空白处，使其文理通顺。
The Internet is shaping our lives.We already have online shopping services and mobile payment.However，this is just a start.The world's leading tech companies are planning to build smarter online communities.1.______ It was held in Wuzhen，Zhejiang last year.The development of artificial intelligence (AI，人工智能) was a hot topic at the conference.If a machine can learn and solve problems as humans do，it can be called AI.
The company Alibaba uses AI technology in its unmanned supermarket in Wuzhen.There is no salesperson in the supermarket，just a tablet on a desk that says “please smile”.2.______ The bigger you smile，the more discounts(折扣) you get.Payment is done automatically through your Alipay account.When you first enter the supermarket，the supermarket's AI recognizes your face and your account.
There is also AI that can read lips.3.______ It recognizes your mouth's movements and turns them into voice or text messages.This could be very useful when you are trying to talk to someone on your phone in a noisy place.Police could also use the technology to help them find criminal
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suspects by lip-reading recordings from video cameras.
4．______ Microsoft's chatbot XiaoIce can not only provide useful information，but also chat with people like a real friend.XiaoIce has a WeChat account.After following the account，users can start talking with her.5.______ She keeps improving herself by talking with users.
These technologies are being put into wider use.We may see a smarter world and better lives in the near future.
A．She knows when to comfort you or tell jokes.
B．They discussed this at the World Internet Conference. C．AI technology will take jobs away from humans one day. D．Sougou brought its lip-reading system to the conference.
E．If you smile，it will give you a special discount for your goods. F．Another type of AI focuses on understanding human emotions. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人工智能的用途。
1．B 【解析】选项意为：他们在世界互联网大会上讨论这个计划(构建更加智能的线上社区)。根据设空后一句“It was held in Wuzhen，Zhengjiang last year.”中“held”一词可推测“ It”指代是某会议，故选B。
2．E 【解析】选项意为：如果你微笑，它会为你的商品提供特别的优惠。设空处前后两句都在围绕“smile ”一词进行叙述，故选E。
3．D 【解析】选项意为：搜狗把它的读唇系统带到了大会上。根据第三段谈论的主要内容和设空后一句“It recognizes your mouth's movements…”可推测这里“It”指代的是选项中的 “lip-reading system”，故选D。
4．F 【解析】选项意为：另一种人工智能关注理解人类的情感。根据文章总分总结构可知，中间三段为并列段，都在谈论人工智能的用途，故选F。
5．A 【解析】选项意为：她知道什么时候安慰你，什么时候讲笑话。根据第四段设空前后句所用代词“her”和“She”可推测出答案，故选A。
(2018贵阳适应性考试)
A．阅读下列材料，根据其内容选择最佳答案。
Some people say that childhood is the best time of your life.However，being a child has both advantages and disadvantages.
On the plus side，you have very few responsibilities.For example，you don't have to go to work，pay bills，go shopping，cooking，or cleaning.This means you have plenty of free time to do whatever you want—watch TV，play on the computer，go out with friends，play sports，or pursue other hobbies.On top of that，public transport，cinema and sports centers cost much less for children.All in all，being a child is an exciting，action-packed time in life.
However，for every plus there is a minus.For one thing，you have to spend all day，Monday to Friday，at school.Studying usually means you have to do homework.And you have to take exams.What's more，you may have a lot of free time，but you are rarely allowed to do whatever you want.You usually have to ask your parents if you can do things，from going shopping in town to staying out late or going to a party.Last of all，although there are often cheaper prices for children，things are still expensive and parents are not always generous with pocket money.There's never enough to
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