独立主格结构和with复合结构
一．独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词短语等构成的一种独立结构，用来修饰整个句子。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词，如果有并列连词或从属连词，则用完整的谓语动词形式。 独立主格结构主要有以下两种情况： 1.名词(代词)+ 分词/不定式 （分词、不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，如果不一致时，则分词、不定式需要带有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。此结构在句中起原因、方式、时间、条件、伴随状语从句的作用。） ①名词/代词+doing（表主动，进行） ②名词/代词+done（表被动，完成） ③名词/代词+having been done(表被动且完成) ④名词/代词+to do/ to be done（表将来） 2.名词(代词)+ 形容词/副词/名词/介词短语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we’ll go out for a walk. 如果天气允许，我们将出去散散步。 The boys rushed out, each carrying a schoolbag (=and each was carrying a schoolbag).孩子们跑了出来，每人背着一个书包。 More time given (=If more time is given),we will do it better.如果多给些时间，我们会做得更好。 Homework（having been）finished（=After homework had been finished）,the boy went out to play. 做完作业后，这个男孩出去玩了。 The exam to be held tomorrow(=Because the exam will be held tomorrow), I can’t go to the cinema tonight.由于明天要考试，我今夜不能去看电影。 So many people absent (=Because so many people were absent), the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 The meeting over (=After the meeting was over) , they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children(=and many of them were children). 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 The boy went to the classroom, book in hand(=and a book was in his hand). 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 二．with复合结构
with复合结构也是一种独立主格结构，用法同独立主格结构。主要有以下两种情况： 1.with+名词(代词)+ 分词/不定式 ①with+名词/代词+doing（表主动，进行） ②with+名词/代词+done（表被动，完成） ③ with+名词/代词+to do（表将来） 2. with+名词(代词)+ 形容词/副词/介词短语 With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding the address. 由小男孩带路，找到这个地方我们没有困难。 The thief was brought to the front with his hand tied behind. 小偷被带到前面，双手被捆在后面。 With nothing to do, he went out for a walk. 由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步去了。 He fell asleep with the windows open. 他开着窗睡觉。 He came into the room, with his dog out. 他回到了房子里，他的狗在外面。 He came out of the library, with a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
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