built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from use of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defence is another example. Even a person who voted against military costs or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.
It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defence. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic study is to be replaced by the impersonal judgment of the marketplace.
26. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. A specific group of commodities.
B. The economic structure of the marketplace. C. Mechanism for safer navigation. D. The advantage of lowering taxes.
27. Which of the following is NOT an example of a public good as described in the passage?
A. A stoplight. B. A bridge. C. A fire truck. D. A taxicab.
28. The word “holds” in Line 4 of Paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
__________. A. has B. is C. grasps D. carries
29. According to the passage, finding out the social costs of a public good is a _________.
A. matter of personal judgment B. daily administrative duty C. difficult procedure
D. citizen’s responsibility
30. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs?
A. A general concept is defined and then examples are given.
B. Generalizations are presented from which conclusions are drawn. C. Persuasive language is used to argue against a popular idea.
D. Suggestions for the application of an economic concept are offered.
Passage Four
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive
prices. By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the cost of many services: without ads your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your TV license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost fifty percent more.
And perhaps most important of all, ads provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote products that fail to live up to the promise of his ads. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading ads. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch upon. Recently I heard a well-known TV personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known TV personality wants. 31. By the first sentence of the passage, the author means that __________. A. he is quite familiar with the cost of advertising B. everyone knows advertising is costly
C. advertising costs money like everything else D. it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
32. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as the advantage of advertising?
A. Securing greater fame B. Providing more jobs C. Enhancing living standards D. Reducing media cost
33. The author thinks that the well-known TV personality is _________. A. very precise in his comment on ads B. reasonable in making the comment C. partial in his view of advertising D. funny in misleading the audience
34. In the author’s opinion, __________.
A. advertising benefits people by providing information B. advertising seldom misleads people with information
C. there is nothing wrong with ads in persuading buyers D. advertising with only information is a waste of money
35. The author’s attitude to advertising is _________. A. negative B. positive C. ridiculous D. not clear
Part III Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 36. The plan is not based on a careful survey and analysis and therefore is _______ to failure.
A. supposed B. doomed C. certain D. likely
37. During the heavy storm last week, we had to take ________ under a flyover.
A. shade B. shelter C. shadow D. shield
38. The three men were assigned jobs according to their_________ abilities. A. respectful B. respectable C. respective D. respecting
39. We don’t know if the story is true or not, but we hope to _________ the truth in it.
A. confirm B. introduce C. recognize D. conduct
40. It is a desire shared by all those delegates present at the conference that financial cooperation ________ carried on in such a difficult situation. A. must be B. be
C. has to be D. got to be
41. __________ with the size of the ocean on earth, world continents seem really small.
A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing
42. Scientists have discovered that many animals seem to be highly __________ to various signals associated with earthquakes.
A. sensible B. sensual C. sensuous D. sensitive
43. Our guests will be guided to safety through the fire-escape ________ a fire. A. as a result of B. in case of
C. in the case of D. in the sake of
44. Nowadays only a few university students manage to meet the __________, both mentally and physically, for the heavy burden in future work and life. A. request B. requirements C. qualities D. competence
45. When told by their parents to eat some vegetables, many children only do so __________.
A. readily B. unconsciously C. purposefully D. reluctantly
46. Most homes in China’s cities have been equipped with electrical ________, such as refrigerators and washing machines.
A. appliances B. facilities C. instruments D. equipment
47. We worked far into the night, but no one _________ a satisfactory solution.
A. came up with B. kept up with
C. caught up with D. checked up with
48. Goodness, economy, and honesty are considered as some universal ________ a man should have.
A. habits B. customs C. characters D. virtues
49. It is quite necessary for a senior manager to have good manners and ________ knowledge.
A. extensive B. intense C. excessive D. expensive
50. He was really depressed when his project proposal was ________ for the third time.
A. turned aside B. turned against C. turned over D. turned down
51. I stared at her, __________ that anyone could have changed so much. A. astonished B. astonishing
C. to astonish D. to be astonished
52. I don’t really mind what time he arrives at the office ________ he finishes his tasks in time.
A. so far as B. since C. so long as D. unless
53. New York’s Statue of Liberty was designed to be a beacon for ships and a monument __________.
A. as well B. by the way C. besides D. either
54. He took _________ of their hospitality and stayed there for a month without paying them anything.
A. charge B. the place C. care D. advantage
55. The lost car of the Johnson’s was found __________ in the woods off the
expressway.
A. vanished B. scattered C. rejected D. abandoned
56. Some of the most important breakthroughs in engineering should be _________
to mathematical researches.
A. contributed B. summed up C. attributed D. delivered
57. Too much _________ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.
A. disclosure B. exhibition C. contact D. exposure
58. The British Parliament is _________ of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
A. composed B. consisted
C. made D. combined
59. Just as your supervisor advised, you ought to devote your time and energy to something _________ researching into.
A. valuable B. precious C. worth D. worthy
60. Please don’t be _________ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.
A. irritated B. distorted C. disregarded D. intervened
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