¿óÎï²ÄÁÏÏÖ´ú²âÊÔ¼¼Êõ
½² Òå
Modern Testing Technique
£¨Mainly in mineral material analysis)
×ÊÔ´Óë»·¾³¹¤³ÌѧԺ
¿óÎï¼Ó¹¤Ïµ
¹Ü¿¡·¼±à
2005 12
1
±¾¿Î³ÌµÄ½ÌѧĿµÄ£º
1£®Á˽âÏÖ´ú²âÊÔ¼¼ÊõµÄÖ÷ÒªÑо¿ÄÚÈÝ£»
2£®Á˽âÖ÷Òª·ÖÎöÒÇÆ÷µÄ»ù±¾ÀíÂÛ¡¢»ù±¾¸ÅÄî¡¢Ö÷Òª¼¼Êõ ÔÀí¼°Ó¦ÓÃÌØÕ÷£»
3£®Í¨¹ý±¾¿Î³ÌµÄϵͳѧϰ£¬Äܸù¾ÝÒ»¶¨µÄÑо¿·½ÏòºÍ¿ÎÌ⣬Ìá³öºÏÀíµÄ²âÊÔÏîÄ¿Éè¼Æ£»
Learn how to measure or determine
(1) the chemical composition, (2) the structure,
(3) the surface morphology, and the physical and chemical properties of the material
Main References
1 XÉäÏ߽ṹ·ÖÎö £¬Æî¾°ÓñÖ÷±à£¬ ͬ¼Ã´óѧ³ö°æÉç 2003 2 ²ÄÁÏ·ÖÎö²âÊÔ¼¼Êõ£¬ ¹þ¹¤´ó³ö°æÉ磬2003 3 XÉäÏß·ÖÎö¼òÃ÷½Ì³Ì£¬µØÖʳö°æÉ磬ÅíÖ¾ÖÒÖ÷±à
4 ÎÞ»ú·Ç½ðÊô²ÄÁϲâÊÔ·½·¨£¬ÑîÄÏÈçÖ÷±à£¬Î人Àí¹¤´óѧ³ö°æÉç £¬1990 5 XÉäÏßÑÜÉäÓëµç×ÓÏÔ΢·ÖÎö£¬ÆáÓº¡¢ÈÖÓ½»ª±à£¬ÉϺ£½»Í¨´óѧ£¬1992 6 ²ÄÁÏ·ÖÎö²âÊÔ·½·¨£¬ÉϺ£½»Í¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç Íõ³É¹û 7 ±íÃæ·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬¹ú·À¹¤Òµ³ö°æÉç [ÃÀ]A.W.ÔÞµÂÄÉ 8 ¡¶Contemporary Instrumental Analysis¡·£ºRubinson, Kenneth A. Rubinson, Judith F. Ö÷±à£¬¿ÆÑ§³ö°æÉç, 2003
In this course, we will learn about
(1) XRD £¨XÉäÏßÑÜÉä·ÖÎö£© (2) EPMA £¨µç×Ó̽ÕëÏÔ΢·ÖÎö£©
(3) SEM £¨É¨Ãèµç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µ·ÖÎö£©ºÍTEM£¨Í¸Éäµç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µ£© (4) IR £¨ºìÍâ¹âÆ×·ÖÎö£©
(5) RAMAN £¨ÀÂü¹âÆ×·ÖÎö£© (6) XRF £¨XÉäÏßÓ«¹â·ÖÎö£©
(7) Thermal analysis £¨ÈÈ·ÖÎö£©, etc.
2
ǰ ÑÔ
ÏÖ´ú²âÊÔ¼¼ÊõÓбðÓÚ´«Í³µÄ»¯Ñ§·ÖÎö¼°¹âѧÏÔ΢¾µ¼ø¶¨·½·¨£¬ËüÊÇÔÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©20ÊÀ¼Í³õÎïÀíѧ¶àÏîÖØ´ó·¢ÏÖ£¨µç×Ó¡¢XÉäÏß¡¢·ÅÉäÐԵȣ©¼°Ïà¹ØÓ¦ÓÃÑо¿µÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·¢Õ¹ÆðÀ´µÄ£¬ÊÀ½ç¸÷Ö÷Òª¹ú¼ÒµÄ·ÖÎöÒÇÆ÷ÐÐÒµÓÚ20ÊÀ¼Í40Äê´úÄ©¡¢50Äê´ú³õÖð²½ÐγÉ(ÈÕ±¾¡¢ÃÀ¹ú¡¢µÂ¹úµÈ)¡£70Äê´úÒÔºó£¬ÓÉÓÚÕæ¿Õ¼¼Êõ¡¢¼ÆËã»úÐÅÏ¢´¦Àí¼¼Êõ¡¢×Ô¶¯»¯¿ØÖƼ¼ÊõµÈµÄ·ÉËÙ·¢Õ¹¼°ÐÂÄÜÔ´¡¢Ð²ÄÁÏ¡¢ÐÂÔªÆ÷¼þµÄ²»¶ÏÒýÈ룬һЩ»ù´¡ÀíÂÛÎÊÌâµÄÍ»ÆÆ£¬Éú²úºÍÓ¦ÓÃÑо¿·¶Î§µÄ²»¶ÏÀ©´ó£¬Ê¹µÃ¸÷ÖÖ²âÊÔ·ÖÎöÒÇÆ÷Öð½¥ÍêÉÆ£¬ÐµIJâÊÔÒÇÆ÷²»¶ÏÓ¿ÏÖ£¬´Ó¶ø¼«´óµØÍƶ¯Á˸÷ѧ¿ÆÑо¿¼°Éú²ú¼¼ÊõµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£
ÏÖ´ú²âÊÔ¼¼Êõ¾ßÓÐÈçÏÂÁù´óÌØÕ÷£º
¢Å ÒÔ¡°Èý΢¡±¼¼ÊõΪÖ÷Á÷£º¡°Èý΢¡±Ö¸Î¢Á¿¡¢Î¢Êø¡¢Î¢Çø¡£ ΢Á¿£ºÖ¸¼«ÉٵķÖÎöÑùÆ·ÓÃÁ¿¼°¶Ô΢Á¿ÔªËصĽϵͼì²â¼«ÏÞ(10-9)£» Î¢Êø£ºÖ¸¼«Ï¸µÄ¼¤·¢Êø£¨Èçµç×ÓÊø¡¢Àë×ÓÊø¡¢¼¤¹âÊø µÈ£©£¬ ͨ³£<1nm¡£ Î¢Çø£ºÖ¸¼«Ð¡µÄ·ÖÎöÇøÓò£¬ Èç΢Ã×ÄÉÃ×·¶Î§
ÒÔµç×Ó̽ÕëΪÀý£¬Æä¼ì²â¼«ÏÞΪ100ppm£¬·ÖÎöÇøÓòΪ¼¸¸önm3£¬ ËùÒÔÆä¾ø¶Ô¸ÐÓ¦Á¿Îª10-14¡«10-16g£¬Õâ±ÈÒÔÍùÈκηÖÎöÊֶεÄÁéÃô¶È¶¼¸ß¡£ ¢Æ ÒԸ߶È×Ô¶¯»¯¿ØÖÆÎªÖ÷ÒªÇ÷ÊÆ: ×Ô¶¯»¯³Ì¶ÈµÄÌá¸ß¿ÉÒÔ×î´ó³Ì¶ÈµØ¼õÉÙÈËΪ·ÖÎöµÄÎó²î£¬ÈçXÉäÏ߽ṹ·ÖÎöÖÐÑÜÉäÇ¿¶ÈÊý¾ÝµÄ»ñµÃ£¬×îÔçÊDzÉÓöàÖØ½ºÆ¬ÕÕÏà·½·¨£¬¶ÔÑÜÉäµãÇ¿¶È½øÐÐÄ¿¹À£¬¶øÏÖÔÚÔò²ÉÓüÆÊýÆ÷Ö±½Ó×Ô¶¯Ì½²â£¬¼«´óµØÌá¸ßÁ˾«¶È¼°Ð§ÂÊ¡£ ¢Ç ·ÖÎöÊý¾Ý´¦ÀíµÄ¸ß¶È¼ÆËã»ú»¯
¼ÆËã»ú¶Ô´óÅúÁ¿Êý¾ÝµÄ¸´ÔÓÔËËã¾ßÓоø¶ÔµÄÓÅÊÆ¡£ ¢È ·ÖÎöÊÖ¶Î×ۺϻ¯
Èçµç×Ó̽ÕëÅäºÏɨÃèµç¾µ¡¢µç×ÓÄܯס¢Í¼ÐηÖÎöϵͳµÈ£¬²»µ«¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÎ¢Çø³É·Ö·ÖÎö£¬»¹¿É½øÐÐ΢ÐÎò¼°ÔªËØ·Ö²¼µÈµÄ×ÛºÏÑо¿£»É¨Ãèµç¾µºÍ͸Éäµç¾µÖÐÒ²²»½ö¿É·ÖÎöÎïÖʵÄ΢¹ÛÐÎò£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²¿É½øÐжԹ۲ì¶ÔÏóµÄʵʱ³É·Ö²â¶¨¡£ ¢É ·ÖÎö¹¦ÄܶàÑù»¯
ÔÚ³£¹æ·ÖÎöÉ豸ÖÐÔö¼ÓÆäËü¸½¼þ£¬¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÌØÊâÌõ¼þϵIJâÊÔ·ÖÎö¡£ÈçÔÚËÄÔ°µ¥¾§ÑÜÉäÒÇÖÐÔö¼Ó¸ßѹ¸½¼þ£¬¾Í¿É½øÐиßѹÎïÏàÑо¿£»ÔÚ͸Éäµç¾µÖÐ×°ÉÏÀäÈĘ̀£¬Ôò¿É½øÐÐÉúÎï»òÎÞ»úÏà±äÑо¿£»É¨Ãèµç¾µÓëÒ»¶¯Ì¬ÀÉìϵͳÁ¬½Ó£¬±ã¿É¹Û²ìµ½²ÄÁÏÔÚÓ¦Á¦×÷Óùý³ÌÖеĽṹ±ä»¯¡£ ¢Ê ²âÊÔ·ÖÎöÍøÂ绯
Ðí¶à´óÐͲâÊÔ·ÖÎöÒÇÆ÷ÓÉÓÚÔì¼Û¸ß°º£¬Îª´ïµ½×ÊÔ´¹²ÏíµÄÄ¿µÄ£¬½«·ÖÎö¹ý³ÌÍøÂ绯ÒѳÉΪ±ØÈ»µÄÇ÷ÊÆ¡£ÈçÃÀ¹ú¹ú·À²¿MMCÏîÄ¿£¨²ÄÁÏÏÔ΢±íÕ÷ÖÐÐÄ£©£¬°Ñ·Ö²¼ÔÚÃÀ¹ú¸÷µØµÄ¶à¸öʵÑéÊÒµÄÊý̨µç¾µ½øÐÐÁªÍø£¬´Ó¶øÊµÏÖÒìµØ²Ù×÷¡£
3
Ðò ÂÛ£¨Preface£©
1.Outline 2. Analyzing Methods 1.1 Chemical composition analysis 2.1 Chemical Composition 1.2 Structural analysis 2.1.1 Wet chemical analysis 1.3 Morphological properties 2.1.2 Adsorption spectroscope 1.4 Analysis of physical and chemical 2.1.3 Radiating spectroscope properties 2.1.4 Other methods Outline
1.1 Chemical composition analysis: To determine the kinds and the contents of the elements in a material. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. Describing the chemical composition: Weight concentration: for solid, liquid General element %wt Micro Element: ug/g (g/t) (stands for ppm) 10-6 Super-micro : ng/g (ppb) 10-9 Hint Element: pg/g (ppt) 10-12 Volume concentration: for liquid, gas General: mol/L Micro: mmol/L
Two kinds of composition expression:
a) For metal, single element material, sulfide, and some other materials that their ions are not oxygen.
Expressing as Element content. For example: Iron(¸Ö²Ä): Fe: 99.00%wt, C: 1.00%wt Pyrrhotite(´Å»ÆÌú¿ó) (Fe1-xS): Fe: 63.00%wt S: 36.00%wt Ni: 0.50%wt
b) For oxide(Ñõ»¯Îï), Silicate(¹èËáÑÎ), and some other materials that their ion is oxygen (carbonate̼ËáÑÎ, sulfateÁòËáÑΡ). When expressing their compositions, generally as oxide types For example: Orthoclass ¼Ø³¤Ê¯(KAlSi3O8): K2O15.13%wt SiO2 63.51%wt Al2O318.99%wt Na2O1.34%wt CaO0.13%wt Fe2O3 0.09%wt Calcite ·½½âʯ(CaCO3): CaO 55.03%wt£»FeO 0.12%wt £» MgO 0.22%wt CO2 43.97%wt
validating digits and their round
35.0145¡2 validating digits after point: 35.01£»3 digits: 35.014 4 no, 6 yes, 5 odd yes even no
2 digits: 35.045 ---35.04 35.035---35.04 35.0451 ---35.05 1.2 structural Analysis: To determine the arrangement of the elements in a material: Crystal system, Cell parameters, atom coordinates in the unit cell, and also to determine the mineral phase(s)
C (Carbon): can be graphite(ʯī) or be diamond(½ð¸Õʯ), because they have different structure (atom arrangement is different) SiO2£º ¦Á-Quartz, ¦Â-quartz,¡¡
Al2[SiO4]O: Andalusite (ºìÖùʯ)£» Kyanite (À¶¾§Ê¯) £»Describing the crystal:
4
Ïà¹ØÍÆ¼ö£º