苏州大学本科生毕业论文
作用。
2．偶像崇拜的类型
偶像崇拜一般包括宗教偶像崇拜、政治崇拜、名人崇拜。还有学者将偶像崇拜分为社会英模崇拜和明星崇拜。美国学者Adams Price Greene发现，青少年对偶像有两种依恋类型，分别是浪漫式依恋和认同式依恋。学者岳晓东则提出两种偶像崇拜模式：表层性偶像崇拜和实质性偶像崇拜。 3．偶像崇拜的成因
根据古典精神分析理论，弗洛伊德认为偶像崇拜可以理解为青少年成长过程中的一种性冲动转移。青少年将增强的欲望转向偶像而不是父母以及身边的朋友。青少年的性欲逐渐增强，而性欲与社会文化的冲突使他们把对偶像的崇拜也当成一种防御手段。
根据行为主义的观点，青少年在日常耳濡目染地接受媒体等各种传播途径的信息并不断强化，同时又渴望融入周围集体，受到周围人崇拜行为的影响和强化，逐渐有了崇拜偶像的行为。
认知流派把偶像崇拜看成是青少年思维发展不成熟的阶段性表现，正是由于他们缺少批判性的思维，所以会产生对偶像的崇拜。
人本主义流派认为，人的正常需要一般有生理需要、安全需要、归属需要、尊重需要和自我实现的需要，当人们的需要无法得到满足而产生精神上的痛苦时，他们会在偶像崇拜中寻求内心的平静。 4．偶像崇拜的相关研究 （1）偶像崇拜与自我
一些学者的研究表明，偶像崇拜对学生自我概念、自我价值感起着一定的积极作用，但同时也可能对自我概念的某些方面、以及自尊等心理特征方面有一定的消极影响。 （2）偶像崇拜与心理健康水平
姚计海与陈阳发现，中学生心理健康水平各维度在有无偶像崇拜间均不存在显著差异；崇拜不同类型偶像的中学生的心理健康也没有显著差异。 （3）偶像崇拜与依恋方式
David C.Giles和John Maltby发现，排除年龄因素，偶像崇拜兴趣与高同辈依恋和低父母依恋正相关。并且，对偶像的个人紧张性兴趣是低安全感和低亲密感的最好预测指标。
（4）偶像崇拜与榜样学习
偶像一般是个相当理想化、完美化、非凡化和浪漫化的人物形象，榜样则更多是是现实化、理性化和相对化的。偶像选择具有自主性，是多样化和个性化的，且相对于榜样来说缺乏态度和信念的内化。
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苏州大学本科生毕业论文
（5）偶像崇拜与宗教信仰
Giles（2000）认为崇拜者们上瘾的本质是他们对偶像的崇拜具有排他性和幻觉。Maltby（2004）发现名人崇拜与宗教崇拜负相关。
附录3 英文文献及翻译
IMPETUS FOR WORSHIP: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS’ IDOL ADORATION BEHAVIORS INTRODUCTION
The objective of this article is to explore the idolization behaviors of Taiwanese adolescents. The study gathered 1,636 questionnaires from 13 senior high schools across northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan. The results indicate that adolescents' gender correlates with the idol type they choose to adore when the idol is male. This study summarizes \\\and \as four underlying idol traits attracting adolescents. Various types of idols are considered to be significantly different on these four traits. The impacts of the four traits on adolescents' worship levels are nonsymmetrical. While the traits of exterior and athlete are worship facilitators, the trait of wealth is a prohibitor. By contrast, the trait of interior is neutral and has no effect on worship levels. Furthermore, adolescents are involved in higher levels of worship when the idol is a media star or is the opposite gender of the adolescent. Generally, adolescents' worship levels are heightened by the illusion of a perfect idol, indicating nonrational worship behaviors. Implications regarding the association between adolescents' cognitive abilities and idols' traits are discussed for future research. The phenomenon of idolization is a characteristic of adolescence. An idol is someone whose talents, achievements, status, or physical appearance are especially recognized and appreciated by his or her fans. Since objects of idolization come from various domains of life, sport champions, movie actors/actresses, television personalities, pop stars, and political or religious leaders can all be idolized figures (Raviv, Bar-tal, Raviv, & Ben-Horn, 1996). Idolization can take many different forms. From extreme cases of suicides and skipping lessons to catch a glimpse of
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苏州大学本科生毕业论文
their idols to listening to CDs casually every now and then, adolescents show their devotion and admiration of their idols in various different ways (McCutcheon, Lange, & Houran, 2002).
Psychologists believe that during adolescents' transition to adulthood they form strong attachments to figures around them as they search for their own identity (Greene & Adams-Price, 1990; Raviv et al., 1996; Yue & Cheung, 2000). Under such circumstances, identification with some adults or peer idols enables adolescents to seek information or values and to prepare themselves for an adult role (Erikson, 1964; 1968). Despite this important phenomenon, research on idolization behavior is lacking (Cheng, 1997; Yue & Cheung, 2000).
There are several reasons why it may be important to study celebrity idolization (Engle & Kasser, 2005). First, the identity of adolescents is partially constructed by interacting with popular media and celebrities. As per Steele and Brown's (1995) conclusion that media activities are important determinants of adolescents' cognitions and behaviors and that media are sometimes even used to regulate mood, it is necessary to understand why and how idolization forms in adolescents. Second, idolization is an avenue by which they explore romantic views and attitudes toward interpersonal relationships, especially for girls. Karniol (2001) suggested that idolization may affect the types of relationships they form. Third, idolization may be involved in a subject's well-being. For instance, Cheng (1997) found that celebrity fan club members in Hong Kong reported lower self-esteem than did non-fan club members. Finally, idolization is clearly relevant to the economic behavior of adolescents.
Studies on idolization in Chinese societies are equally rare and have been mostly conducted in Hong Kong (So & Chan, 1992; Wong & Ma, 1997; Chan, Cheung, Lee, Leung, & Liu, 1998; Cheung & Yue, 1999; Yue & Cheung, 2000; see also Yue & Cheung, 2000 for a review). The purpose of this study is to clarify the social or personality attributes of an idol and a model as perceived by adolescents in a Chinese society — Taiwan. This exploratory study attempts to describe in depth the patterns of Taiwanese adolescents' idol worship behaviors. Specifically, we delineate the idol traits which attract adolescents, examine how adolescents rate
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苏州大学本科生毕业论文
their favorite idols based on underlying idol traits, and finally explore the relationship between idol traits and adolescents' worship levels.
Participants
A mail survey was conducted of students from 13 senior high schools across Taiwan; 2,100 questionnaires were mailed and 1,958 were returned. After deleting questionnaires with incomplete data, 1,636 were used for analysis. The response rate was 77.9%.
Measures
The questionnaire was designed to measure respondents' criteria for choosing favorite idols and models. It is composed of idol characteristics, reasons for worship, intensity of respondents' worship levels, and respondents' characteristics. Eight dichotomous items regarding reasons for worship were augmented from Chiang (2003). The worship levels were measured using the 17-item, 5-point Likert type celebrity worship scale (McCutcheon et al., 2002). The reliability of the celebrity worship scale estimated with Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. The worship levels (McCutcheon et al., 2002) suggest three increasingly extreme sets of idol worship behavior: individualistic behaviors, social activities, and borderline pathology. As worship level increases, these behaviors increasingly occur together. Since the celebrity worship construct is best considered as unidimensional, we calculate the mean score of the 17 items to represent respondents' intensity of worship levels.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Sample Characteristics
The sample of adolescents is composed of more females (83.3%) than males (16.7%), and the mean age is 17 years with a range from 15 to 19. Thirty-two percent of the adolescents are in their first level of senior high school, 32.8% in the second level, and 35.6% in the third level. The residential areas of the sample are 34.2% in northern Taiwan, 32.5% in central Taiwan, 23.9% in southern Taiwan,
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