b. In July, 1861, the battle of Bull Run, the Union was beaten. c. From June 25th to July 1st, 1862, seven days’ battles, Union troops were driven backward.
d. The battle of Chancellorsville, the Union forces suffered severe defeat.
e. But none of the Confederation victories had been decisive. f. The Union forces won a great victory at Gettysburg and this encouraged the Union army.
g. In the Mississippi Valley, the Union forces won an uninterrupted series of victories.
h. On July 4th, 1863, the strongest Confederate army in the West surrendered.
i. On April 9th, 1865, the South was defeated
4. The Homestead Bill and the Emancipation Proclamation A. In order to get support from the broad masses, in May 1862, Lincoln issued the Homestead Bill, which stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South.
B. On Sep. 22nd, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the rebelling states and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North. It
declared the abolition of slavery an objective of the war and the declared objection of saving the Union with great importance 5. Significance and effects of the War
A. The civil war was an epoch-making event in American history.
B. It was a bourgeois revolution in nature, a continuation and expansion of the War of Independence.
C. It was a struggle of life and death between two social systems, between the progressive and the backward.
D. The abolition of slavery and the emancipation of the Negroes enabled the country to develop more rapidly in every field.
E. It also extended its far-reaching influence to the European revolution.
十二.Congressional Reconstruction
1. The background
? The reconstruction era began in American history from 1865 to 1877.
? The Negroes had gained neither the civil right politically nor living means economically.
? The South was devastated by war and burdened with heavy debts.
? It was difficult to establish new political administrations and reconstruct the economy. 2. The black’s struggle
? Andrew Johnson became president in 1865, and began to carry out rather reactionary policies against the blacks. ? The blacks resisted and kept asserting their rights. ? “Radicals”, congressmen struggled with president. ? Reconstruction Act in 1867 made the leading power in the Reconstruction of the South pass from the President to the Congress. ? Many blacks were elected to the state legislature and 32 blacks were sent to Congress. ? White Southerners organized terrorist groups like Ku Klux Klan to fight against the black’s political power 3. The significance of the Reconstruction of the South ? It consolidated the regime over the whole nation. ? It removed the greatest obstacle of the capitalist development, the slave system.
? It paved the way for the rapid growth of capitalism in all aspects in the country. ? It laid the political foundation for the Union to grow into a world power
十三.US-Spanish War
?
Purpose: to occupy the colonies of Spain
? Course: On April 29th, 1898, Congress declared the war on Spain. In July the American fleet destroyed the main force of Spanish battleships, and on July 16th, the American army seized Santiago and the war ended.
? Result: Spain gave up Cuba and Puerto Rico and sold the Philippines to the U.S.. ?
Significance:
In 1898, the War between the U.S. and Spain was the first imperialist war for redividing the world.
It marked a new stage in which the United States transformed into an imperialist power.
From that America began its modern history.
十四.New Deal
A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
a. He was the 32nd President of the United States(1933-1945).
b. He was a strong, imaginative and optimistic leader. c. He was the only US President to be reelected three times. d. He instituted a program termed the New Deal to rebuild the economy.
e. He made some contributions in the World War II a. Background:
The core problem of the society had been the immense disparity between the country’s productive power and the American people’s ability to consume. b. Contents:
? At home, crops were destroyed and agriculture production was cut down to stabilize the falling farm prices, the big industries were also compelled to make reforms. ? At abroad, Roosevelt took efforts to consolidate the old markets and to conquer new ones. ? Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security”, paying pensions to the old, unemployed and the injured. c. Results:
It did not change the capitalist system but helped to improve it. It had some effect at the beginning . d. Significance of “The New Deal”
? It relaxed the economic crisis. It made some concession to the working people. ? It stopped the national economy from collapsing and
especially prevented the U.S. from becoming a fascist state. ? But it did not change the capitalist system but helped to improve it.
十五.Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King, leader of the Civil Rights Movement
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