sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme \remember which months of the year have 30 days. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan -12,389 feet -might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24). The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. 1. What kind of information is easy for us to remember? A. Information that does not make any sense to us. B. Information that we are not familiar with. C. Information that is meaningful to us. D. Information that we are not interested in. 2. Which of the following pairs are rhymes? A. horse—house B. right---white C. come----home D. how---low 3.The second list of words in para.3 is organized according to . A. the rhyme B. the word category C. the first letters of words D. the meanings 4. Books are kept in a library . A. according to their size B. in random order C. in a jumbled way D. in different categories 5. What method can better help form a whole mental picture about the tings to be remembered? A. Grouping B. Repetition C. Imagery D. Association Passage 3 One day, the principle(校长) came into our room and, after talking to the teacher, for some reason said: “I wish all of the white students to stand for a moment.” I rose with the others. The teacher looked at me and, calling my name, said: “You sit down for the present, and rise with the others.” I did not quite understand her. She repeated: “You sit down now, and rise with the others.” I sat down puzzled. I saw and heard nothing. When the other were asked to rise, I did not know it. When school was dismissed, I went out unconsciously. A few of the white boys laughed at me, saying: “Oh, you’re a nigger, too.” I hurried on as fast as I could to where my looking-glass hung on the wall in my own little room. For an instant I was afraid to look, but when I did, I looked long and earnestly. I was accustomed to hearing remarks about my beauty, but now, for the first time, I became conscious of it and recognized it. I noticed the ivory(象牙) whiteness of my skin, the beauty of my mouth, the size and the liquid darkness of my eyes. I ran downstairs and rushed to where my mother was sitting. I buried my head in her lap and cried out: “Mother, tell me, am I a nigger?” I could not see her
face, but I felt her hands on my head. I looked up into her face. There were tears in her eyes and I could see that she was suffering for me. And then it was that. I looked at her critically for the first time. I had thought of her in a childish way only as the most beautiful woman in the world; now I looked at her searching for defects(缺点) .I could see that her skin was almost brown, and that she did differ in some way from the other ladies who came to the house; yet, even so I could see that she was more beautiful than any of them. She must have felt that I was examining her, for she hid her face in my hair and said with difficulty: “No, my darling, you are not a nigger.” She went on: “If anyone calls you a nigger, don’t notice them.” But the more she talked, the less was I reassured, and I stopped her by asking:“Well, mother, am I white? Are you white?” She answered tremblingly(颤抖的): “No, I am not white, but your father is one of the greatest men in the country. The best blood of the South is in you.” This suddenly opened up in my heart a fresh fear, and I almost fiercely demanded: “Who is my father? Where is he?” She stroked my hair and said: “I’ll tell you about him some day.” I sobbed(抽泣): “I want to know now.” She answered: “No, not now.” 1.We can infer from the passage that “a nigger ”means________. A. a white person B. a black person C. anyone that is not white D anyone that is not black 2.When the teacher asked him to sit down and rise with the others ,the author was confused because___. A. he never considered himself a non-white person B. he thought the teacher didn’t recognize him C. he thought he should be considered D. he thought it rude for the teacher to call his name 3.It was on that day that he began to realize that _________. A. he was a nigger B. he was different from others because of his beauty C. his color was like that of his mother D. he differed from other white people even with his beauty 4.From the passage we can learn that _________. A. the boy’s father left them for some reasons B. the boy’s mother didn’t want to mention his father at all C. the boy never met his father before D. the boy’s mother hated his father 5.This passage generally tells us a story of ________. A. a boy who suddenly realized that he was a colored person B. a boy who had been looked down upon because he had no father C. the miserable life of colored people D. the life of a one-parent family 释疑：【passage|1：CBACA |2：CBBDC |3：BADCA 】
2/Passage 1 Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest” and begin an independent life. After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married. Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses (配偶) through other friends, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions. Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices. In many families, parents feel that children should make major life decisions by themselves. A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profession but the child is free to choose another career. Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to assert their independence. A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father’s business because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father’s workplace. This independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other. Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American family. Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence. 1. The writer discusses the marriage of young adults in
order to show that they _____. A. enjoy the freedom of choosing their spouses B. want to win the permission of their parents C. have a strong desire to become independent D. try to challenge the authority of their parents 2. Most young adults in America would get married for the sake of ____. A. love B. financial concern C. their parents D. family background 3. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that _____. A. American young adults are likely to follow the suit of their parents. B. most American parents never make major decisions for their children. C. American young adults possess cultural values of independence. D. when a young adult steps into his twenties, he will leave his home permanently. 4. A son is unwilling to work in his father’s business mainly because he _____. A. wishes to make full use of what he has learnt in school B. wants to prove his independence C. likes to do the opposite of what his parents approve of D. tries to show his love for his parents 5. The subject matter of this passage is _____. A. cultural values in the American family B. marriage arrangements C. young adult’s pursuit of a career D. decision making Passage 2 No country in the world has more daily newspapers than the U.S.A. There are almost 2,000 of them, as compared with 180 in Japan, 144 in Argentina and 111 in Britain. The quality of some American papers is extremely high and their views are quoted all over the world. Distinguished dailies like the Washington Post or the New York Times have a powerful influence all over the country. However the Post and the Times are not national newspapers in the sense that The times is in Britain or Le Monde is in France, since each American city has its own daily newspaper. The best of these present detailed accounts of national and international news, but many tend to limit themselves to state or city news. Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the “sensational”, which feature crime, sex and rumor, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events. But with few exceptions American newspapers try to entertain as well as give information, for they have to compete with television. Just as American newspapers give way to all tastes, so do they also try and apply to readers for all political persuasions. A few newspapers
support extremist (过激分子) groups on the far right and on the far left, but most daily newspapers attempt to attract middle-of-the-road Americans who are essentially moderate. Many of these papers print columns by well-known journalists of different political and social views in order to present a balanced picture. As in other democratic countries American newspapers can be either responsible or irresponsible, but it is generally accepted that the American press serves its country well and that it has more than once bravely uncovered political scandals (丑闻) or crimes, for instance, the Watergate Affair. The newspapers drew the attention of the public to the fears of the Vietnam War. 1. There are fewer national newspapers in ______. A. Britain than in the U.S.A. B. France than in Britain C. the U.S.A. than in Britain or France D. France than in the U.S.A. or Britain 2. Most American newspapers try to entertain their readers because ______. A. they have to keep up a good relation with them B. they have to compete with television C. they have to write about crime, sex and rumor D. they have to give factual news in an interesting way 3. Many American newspapers attract readers of different political tendency by ______. A. supporting extremist groups from time to time B. inviting middle-of-the-road Americans to write articles for them C. avoiding carrying articles about extremists D. printing articles representing different political viewpoints 4. In this passage the underlined word “press” (Para.2) means ______. A. a
machine for printing B. the business of printing C. great force D. newspapers 5. The passage is mainly about ______. A. the characteristics of American
newspapers B. the development of American newspapers C. the functions of American newspapers D. the merits and shortcomings of American newspapers Passage 3 The key to any successful garage sale (家庭旧物出售) is to get the word out. The best means of advertising your sale is to place an ad in the local newspaper. If you have a city and neighborhood paper, make sure you advertise in both. The ad should be large enough that it stands out. It should also include information on where the sale is located with directions, the \and the time the sale will start and end. An ad should be placed at least two days before the sale and run until the day of your event. That way people can plan their route (路线) to the sale in advance. Signs are another great way to inform your community. Post them in places where people gather, such as stores and community centers. Some businesses have a central bulletin board (布告栏), which is the best place to advertise. Other places to post are at the local college or university campus. This is especially helpful if your sale is happening in August or early September when students have returned to school and are looking for cheap finds. Post signs around your neighborhood. You should also place both ads and direction signs, especially if you're located on a side street without a major presence. Signs will attract and direct people. Just make sure you print in bold letters and use large direction signs so people can read the information from the front seat of their car. 1. The best way of getting out the news of your garage sale is to ______. A. publish the news online B. visit people door-to-door C. advertise in the local newspaper D. make phone calls to your neighbors 2. You should place an ad at least two days before the sale so that people can ______. A. get enough cash for the sale B. compare prices of the items C. select the items they will buy D. decide on their route in advance 3. Why should signs be posted in a community center? A. Schools are nearby. B. There are many stores. C. Students often meet there. D. More people gather there. 4. What advice is given
for printing the signs according to the last paragraph? A. Colored signs are preferred. B. Bold letters should be used. C. Large pictures should be included. D. Phone numbers should be provided. 5. The best title for the passage might be ______. A. Advertising Garage Sales B. Advantages of Garage Sales C. Importance of Garage Sales D. Printing Ads for Garage Sales CDDBA 【隐藏教师释疑】 释疑：【passage|1：CACBA |2:CBDDA |3：CDDBA 】
3/ Passage 1 The long summer holidays are finally over and some parents are pleased. “We worry more about their safety in the holidays,” explains one mother from North London. If teenagers are not wandering around on public transport in a big and potentially dangerous city, they are chatting to strangers in an internet chat room! Well, that’s an extreme picture of the UK today, but many parents are worried about how much freedom they can give their children during the holidays and at weekends. Weekends are not the only time to worry! Newspaper are full of stories about too many school kids going to school by car because their parents do not want them to travel alone on a bus or train. This summer there were more frightening stories of teenagers disappearing with questionable friends that they met on the net. All the Media stories help increase parents fears, but is the UK really so dangerous? Many young people feel that life for their parents was easier. In the 1960s young people played in the streets more and traveled around town without their parents. “At least our parents can keep tabs on us,” says 16-year-old Julia. “So many people have mobile phones now and their parents ring to find out
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