保险与风险管理

A risk management program

The scientific method of planning to deal with losses is called risk management. ]A risk management program usually involves three steps: 1.Identifying and measuring exposures to loss

2.Developing and implementing plans to deal with potential losses after they have been identified 3.Regularly reevaluating and updating the risk management program

Identifying and measuring exposures

The recognition that a problem exists is always the first step in solving the problem. Recognizing one's exposure to loss requires organized thinking about the subject. One starting point is to categorize the sources of loss into speculative or pure risk exposures. Speculative risks are exposures that can result in gains or losses and usually are not the subject of risk management. Losses or gains that result from bad or good management decisions, from a competitor's actions,or from government intervention in the economy are examples of speculative risks,and these are usually outside the scope of the risk manager's responsibility Price fluctuation in commodities or foreign currencies,however,can result in gain or loss,and this speculative risk can be managed with a hedging program.

On the other hand,pure risks can result only in losses and usually arise from the following sources: 1.Direct losses of property

2.Indirect losses of income because normal business activity has been interrupted by a direct loss 3.Liability losses

4.Losses due to death or disability of key personnel

These pure risks usually can be managed once they have been identified and measured。Regarding measurement,it is well to remember that,before a loss occurs,measurement is merely an estimate.Not all preloss estimates will necessarily reflect with accuracy the actual amount of damages or even the actual amount of exposure to loss.

Developing and implementing a risk management program

After all potential sources of loss have been identified and measured,it is the job of the risk manager to develop and implement plans to deal with the potential losses before they occur.Accomplishing this task demands a knowledge of the alternative methods of dealing with risk,the uncertainty about loss.In addition to insurance,six other methods of dealing with potential losses are:

1.Risk avoidance 2.Risk assumption 3.Self-insurance 4.Loss prevention 5.Loss reduction

6.Risk transfer other than insurance

A thorough risk management program is the result of the consideration of all these alternatives, rather than the reliance on just one method of dealing with an exposure to loss.In every case the

risk manager with carefully weigh the ratio of the costs of a particular risk management approach with the potential benefits to be produced.Since unlimited budgets for risk management are not the rule,spending priorities must be established.Also determining the choice of an appropriate tool are an estimate of the chance of loss and an estimate of the severity of a potential loss.

Once a decision has been made to treat an exposure to loss with a given risk management tool,the decision must be implemented.For example,if it has been decided to purchase insurance,arrangements must be made to acquire the proper amount of insurance at the best possible price accompanied by all the service needed or desired.Equally important,once the insurance is in force,the risk manager must be familiar with the terms of the contract so that none of the firm's actions cause the coverage to be suspended or the conditions of the contract to be breached in any way either before or after a loss occurs.

If a loss prevention program is decided upon,the risk manager must see to it that all affected employees,know what the plan's aims are and what part they are expected to play in the program. The risk manager must remain alert to any advances in safety engineering that may make a given operation or plant or store a safer place in which to work.

The insurance mechanism

One of the chief problems that risk management has had to overcome has been to differentiate itself from insurance, partly because of the insurance background of many of the pioneers in risk management thinking, and partly because risk-at least those varieties of it with which risk management is chiefly concerned-has for so long been considered the preserve of insurance alone. The confusion has been perpetuated because insurance retains such an important role as the main method of risk financing in a risk management programme.

Risk management does not supersede insurance,but puts it in its proper perspective,as fulfilling a useful function determined after critical assessment of what it has to offer compared with other financing possibilities.To get the best out of any risk management programme,therefore,requires a knowledge of how the insurance mechanism works,and an appreciation of ways in which the insurance industry treats the risk passed on to it in return for the premium paid.

For the purchaser,insurance provides a method of smoothing loss experience over a period of time,by exchanging the static risk which is insured for the smaller risk of the failure of the insurer to settle a claim when it is made,either through lack of funds or by some breach of the conditions of the insurance contract by the insured himself.

Except for the small insured,or the catastrophic loss,it is unlikely that the cost of loss will be permanently transferred from the insured to the insurer;for the latter will seek to recover what he has paid out by increased premiums in subsequent years,or he may already have recovered it in previous years when the premiums paid have been greater than the amount needed to pay claims and meet the insurer's expenses.

Where the market for a particular type of risk is not governed by rating agreements between insurers,it may be possible to defer or avoid repayment of the cost of loss by changing insurers, but in most cases this will be only a short-term solution,unless there has been some substantial improvement in loss control to improve the probable A new insurer may offer a lower

premium,taking the chance that the loss experience will improve,but if it does not,then the premium cost is likely to rise to,and perhaps beyond,its old level.

The service of chronological loss spreading is,however,what the insured really needs,even if the total cost is not thereby reduced,for it enables him to reduce the annual cost of large losses to a size at which they can be borne in a single accounting year.

From the insurer's point of view,the risk that is transferred to him has a different aspect.What was a static risk for the insured becomes a dynamic risk for the insurer,for in his hands it presents possibilities either of profit or of loss.The fact that a reinsurance market exists as a method of treating this risk is,however,a reminder that static risk and insurable risk are not synonymous terms.

The methods the insurer uses to treat the risk he carries are themselves a good example of risk management in action.He seeks first of all to diminish his risk by ensuring that it is well spread. This is achieved in a number of ways.First,a good spread of risk is sought by endeavouring to ensure that the portfolio he is insuring consists of a large number of similar items.This will give the greatest play to the operation of the law of large numbers,and thus improve the predictability of the loss experience.Next,the insurer will wish these insurances to come from many different locations to provide the necessary geographical spread to minimise the chance of an abnormal loss experience due to a localised catastrophe.

风险管理方案

规划以科学方法处理的损失被称为风险管理。 ]风险管理计划通常包括三个步骤： 1.Identifying和衡量损失风险

2.Developing和实施计划，以处理后，已确定潜在的损失 3.Regularly重新评估和更新的风险管理方案

确定和衡量风险

认识到问题的存在，始终是解决问题的第一步。认识到自己的风险损失，需要有组织的思考这个问题。一个出发点就是要区分投机或纯风险损失的来源。投机风险是风险，可能导致收益或损失，通常不是风险管理的问题。损失或收益，从坏的或好的管理部门决定从竞争对手的行动，或者在经济从政府干预，是投机风险的例子，这些都是超出了风险经理的责任在商品或外币价格波动范围通常不过，可能导致收益或亏损，这可以与投机风险对冲计划管理。

另一方面，纯粹的风险可能会导致损失，通常只出现在从下列来源： 1，直接财产损失

收入2.Indirect因为正常的商业活动已被中断损失的直接损失 3.Liability损失

4.Losses因死亡或残疾的关键人员

这些纯风险通常可以管理一旦被识别和测量。至于测量，人们都应该记住这一点，损失发生之前，测量，只是一个estimate.Not所有preloss估计一定会准确反映实际的赔偿金额甚至接触实际损失数额。

制定和实施风险管理计划

全部损失后的潜在来源已被确定和衡量，它是对风险经理的工作，制定和执行计划，以应付他们的潜在损失before occur.Accomplishing这个任务需要一个对应付风险的替代方法knowledge，关于loss.In除了保险的不确定性，其中六项与潜在损失问题的其他方法有： 1.Risk避税 2.Risk假设 3.Self保险 4.Loss预防 5.Loss减少

6.Risk转让以外的其他保险

一个彻底的风险管理方案是所有这些方案的审议结果，

而不是只对一个与曝光，以loss.In处理每个案件的风险经理与方法的依赖仔细衡量某一特定的潜在利益与风险管理方法的成本比率，produced.Since无限预算的风险管理没有规则，开支的优先次序必须established.Also确定一个适当的工具的选择是一个机会，估计的损失和对潜在损失程度的估计。

一旦作出决定，以处理与给定的风险管理工具，对损失曝光后，决策必须implemented.For例如，如果已决定购买保险，必须作出安排，以获得在适当的保险金额最好的价格，所有需要的服务或desired.Equally重要，一旦保险陪同生效后，风险管理必须与合同条款，以便熟悉该公司的行为没有导致覆盖暂停或条件合同被违反任何方式之前或之后发生的损失。

如果防损方案作出决定时，风险管理者必须看到它，所有受影响的员工，知道什么该计划的目的是什么部分，他们都将发挥该方案。

风险管理者必须保持警觉，在安全工程，可能使某一行动或植物或存放在一个安全的地方来工作的任何进展。

保险机制

对这种风险管理不得不克服的主要问题之一是，以区别于保险本身，部分原因是对风险管理思想的先驱者很多保险的背景下，部分是因为风险，至少是那些品种的风险管理主要是关注，很早就被认为是维护保险单。

这种混乱一直持续下去，因为保险保留这样一个在一个风险管理计划风险融资的主要方法的重要作用。

风险管理不能取代保险，而是把正确地看待它，因为完成一个有用的功能后，它有严格的评估决定提供比其他融资possibilities.To获取最佳的风险管理方案出来，因此，需要如何对知识工程的保险机制，以及对如何使保险业在对待通过的保费归还给它的风险赞赏支付。

对于买方，保险，提供了一个平滑的一段时间内损失经验的方法，通过交换的静态风险，是为较小的保险公司未能解决时，均是由被保险人索赔的风险，或者通过资金缺乏或由一些由被保险人的保险合同违反自己的条件。

除了小被保险人，或灾难性的损失，这是不太可能的损失成本将永久转移到被保险人的保险人;后者将设法收回他所支付在随后几年，或增加保费了他可能已经复苏，前几年它时，已支付的保费比需要的薪酬调整要求，满足保险公司的费用的数额更大。

如果一个特定的风险并非由保险公司之间的协议管辖的评价类型的市场，它可能会推迟或避免通过改变保险公司的损失费用偿还，

但在大多数情况下，这将只是一个短期的解决办法，除非出现了一些损失控制的实质性改善，改善的可能提供一种新的保险人可以以较低的保费，以机会的损失经验将得到改善，但如果没有，那么保费费用可能上升到，也许以后，其原来的水平。

该服务是按时间顺序传播损失，但是，被保险人真正需要什么，即使总费用不会因此减少，因为这使他大的损失减少到每年的费用，他们在可承担的大小单会计年度。

从保险公司的角度来看，这是他的风险已经转移到一个不同的aspect.What是一个静态的风险成为保险，在他的手中，为保险公司动态危险时，可能不是利润或loss.The事实上，一个再保险市场作为治疗方法是存在这种风险，但是，提醒人们静态风险和投保风险是不是同义词。 保险人使用的方法来治疗他的风险进行本身的风险管理action.He很好的例子，旨在首先要减少，这是确保其良好的传播风险。

这是在一个ways.First号码，实现对风险的良好的传播是通过努力，以确保他的投资组合由投保人要求将给予最大的发挥法律运作的大量类似items.This大量，从而提高了损失experience.Next可预见性的，保险人将希望这些保险来自许多不同的地点，提供必要的地理分布，以尽量减少损失经验异常由于本地化的灾难的机会。