husband and wife，from morning till night, take place , out of order等等。 Child as he is , he knows a lot.
表示官衔、职位或身份的名词作同位语、表语、宾语补足语时，名词前不用冠词。
如：Yesterday, Peter Brown, X principal of Liaoning University, will pay a visit to Mr. Smith , who has been appointed X headmaster of our school. 6.冠词与零冠词的转换。
一般来说，某些抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词前无冠词，但特定场合，a/an 用于专有名词前表示泛指；the用于抽象名词前表示特指。 —Hello,could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry,wrong number.There isn’t a Mr.Smith here. He doesn’t like X music,but on a Sunday in May, he went to the theatre to listen to the music of the famous musician.
7.with复合结构的用法。
例：It was a pity that the writer died ____ his works unfinished.
A.with B.besides C.as for D.because of 讲解：A
构成：with + 名词/代词 + 分词/名词/代词/形容词/副词/介词短语/不定式
功能：在句子中作状语、定语等。前面的名词/代词和后面的词形成逻辑上的主系表关系。如： With all lights turned on， the building looks more beautiful.
With the guide leading the way， we set off on foot into the dark night. The teachers came in with many students following. He sleeps with the windows open， even in winter.
The teacher came into the cassroom with a book in his hand.
With production up by 60%， the company has had another excellent year. With them to help us， we can finish the work ahead of time. 二、代词
学习代词，要注意： 1.几组不定代词的区分。
第一组：用one，that ，it，those，ones 填空。
①The water of the well is cleaner than _____ of the river.
②The students in China are much more diligent than ______ in foreign countries. ③I have bought a new bike.My old _____ doesn’t work.
④Don’t you think it a little surprising that a house made of wood or bamboo may stay up in an earthquake while ______ made of steel and concrete may fall down?
⑤I will appreciate _____ if you can help me.
⑥Cars do cause some health problems—in fact far more serious ____than mobile phones. 答案：that,those,one,one,it,ones 讲解：
one作为不定代词，泛指―任何人‖（包括说话人在内），还可用来代替上文出现过的可数名词（指人或物），相当于―a + 可数名词‖。并有复数形式ones。 ones替代复数可数名词，替代范指的人和物。 that替代不可数名词或单数名词以避免重复； those 可代替复数名词以免重复。
one ,that都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one可被前置或后置定语修饰,that只能被后置定语修饰。
句④中one 代替a house，表泛指。句意为―由木头和竹子制作的房子有可能在地震中挺立而由钢筋和水泥制作的房子却可能在地震中倒塌，难道你不认为这令人吃惊吗？‖。 第二组： 用some,any, every，no填空。 ①Could you get me ____ water?
②If you have ___ ink , please give me ____.
③Last week,Tom came to see me ______ other day, that is, on Monday ,on Wednesday and on Friday.
④Please correct the mistakes if there are ___. ⑤Hearing the words, he made ____ answer.
答案：some; any; some; every; any; no.
讲解：some多用于肯定句；还可用于疑问句中，表示请求、提议或者希望得到肯定回答。any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。no用于否定句，意为―没有‖，修饰名词。 第三组：用不定代词all,none,both,neither,either填空。
①____ the students took part in the exam,but____ of them have/has succeeded. ②— How many books are there on the desk ? — _____.
③—Which do you like,coffee or tea? — ___ is OK.
④He thought there would be many people at the show,but when he arrived he found___. 答案：All(Both); none(neither); None; Either; none
讲解：all表示―三者或三者以上全部‖，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。
none用于表示对三个或三个以上的人或物的否定，意思是―一个（一点）也没有‖，可作主语和宾语。none可以简略回答以How many或How much开头的疑问句。
none of…后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。 both表示―二者全部肯定‖。 neither表示―二者全部否定‖。 either表示―二者中的任何一个‖。
第四组： 用不定代词other ,another ,the other ,others ,the others 填空。 ①I don’t like this hat ,please show me _____.
②No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to______. ③Thirty students in our class are boys ,____ are girls. ④Some are carrying water ,_____ are watering the trees. ⑤I’ll go to see you some _____ day.
答案：another; the other; the others; others; other
讲解：other表示―没有范围的，其他的‖，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/… another泛指很多中的―另一个‖，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。 others泛指其他的人或物；others常和some对比使用。 the others特指其余的人或物。
the other可作代词或形容词用，指已知的事物或人中的―另一个‖，或另一方中的―全部其他的‖。 2.it 的用法
it 可代替前面说过的特定的同一事物；作形式主语和形式宾语；用来引导强调句式；用于固定句型中。
常用形式主语句式：
It is adj. for(of) sb. to do sth. It is no use (no good) doing sth.
It is/was ＋过去分词（said，reported， known，thought，believed，suggested，…）＋that从句。 通常译为―据说（报道……）‖。同样，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语 常用形式宾语句式：
…think /find/consider/make/feel it adj./n.for sb.to do sth. /that-clause ... think it no good /no use doing sth.
I think it necessary for him to learn a foreign language
it作形式宾语，还用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后，尤其是表示好恶的动词，如：enjoy,like,love,dislike,be fond of,feel like,see to,appreciate 等。 I’ll appreciate it if you can help me. I can’t help it if he is always late.
用于强调句型 It is ／was ＋强调部分＋that从句。
如：It is in the post office that I saw her when I was walking by．（强调地点状语）
It is when I was walking by that I saw her in the post office．（强调时间状语从句） 用于其它句式
It was (not ) + 时间段+before +一般过去时 过了一段时间就??.. It will (not )be+ 时间段+before +一般现在时 要过一段时间才会? It is/ has been +时间段+ since?.. It was +点时间+ when?..
It is/was the first (序数词) time that从句
1). It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意识到他处境危险（动作已发生）
2). It will be half a year before you graduate from the school. 还有半年你才从这个学校毕业（动作未发生）
3). It is 3 years sinece he worked here. = he left here.（since从句中的谓语动词若是延续性动词，要从这个动作结束的时候算起）
4). It was 3 o’clock when they received the telephone. 5) It was at 3 o’clock that they received the telephone. 三、形容词与副词
学习形容词与副词，要注意： 1.比较级和最高级及前边的修饰语
能修饰比较级的副词常见的有：rather， much， still， even， far， any， a lot， a little， a bit， a great deal， by far 等，如: She is a littlle taller than I.
A car runs a great deal faster than a bike. 2．有无ly的形容词与副词的区别。
例：As the Spring Festival is drawing _____ , people are getting busier and busier. A.near B.nearly C.almost D.closely 答案：A 类似的还有：
deep/ high/ wide/close （具体意义） deeply 深深地/ highly (程度上)高度地/widely大大地，广泛地/ closely(程度上)密切地（抽象意义） most最，极，十分，非常 mostly大部分; late/lately dead/deadly bad/badly 3.具体语境形容词与副词的辨析。
The committee is discussing the problem right now. It will____ have been solved by the end of next week.
A.eagerly B.hopefully C.immediately D.gradually
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