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1. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
结构分析：本句是一个并列句，以and连接；第一个分句的主干是The change met the technical requirements ... ，后面的介词结构by engaging a large professional element作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式；第二个分句的主干是(The change) prevented the decline in efficiency ，后面的that引导的定语从句修饰decline in efficiency 。
参考译文：通过雇佣大量的职业人才，这一变化满足了新时代的技术要求，防止了效率下降-在过去，这种效率下降经常使家族公司在充满活力的创业者之后的第二代或第三代毁掉全部财产。
Meet满足Commonly经常Decline in efficiency效率下降 Spoil the fortunes毁掉财产 engage element雇佣人才 Energetic founders充满活力的创业者
2. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 结构分析：本句的主干是... manipulation ... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class ... ，后面的an element是shareholders的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth作element的定语。
注意：(1) large和impersonal同时修饰manipulation (2) irresponsible wealth指的是股东们拥有公司的财富，但并不参与公司的具体经营管理，也不承担任何经营管理责任。
(3) element同上句用法类似，也是指这里提到的\人\。
参考译文：对于资本与企业进行如此大规模的非个人操纵，极大地增加了股东作为一个阶层的数量与重要性-他们在国民生活中代表着不负责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者的责任相分离，差不多也与企业的管理责任同样无关。
Impersonal非个人的，客观的Manipulation控制，操纵
Capital资本As a class作为一个阶层National life国民生活 Detach (from)使分离，使分开，拆开
1. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
结构分析：本句是一个并列句，两个分句由表示转折关系的but连接。第一个分句的主干是The paid manager... was in more direct relation with...,其中acting for the company作manager的定语。第二个分句的主干是he had seldom... knowledge of the workmen... ，其中which引导的定语从句which the employer had often had...修饰前面的knowledge ，介词结构under the more patriarchal system of the old family business...作状语，而passing away后置作old family business的定语。
参考译文：拿薪水的经理代表公司，与工人和工人的需求的关系更直接，但即使是他也很少像消失之中的老式家族企业的家长制的雇主那样熟知工人的个人情况。
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act for代理，代表 patriarchal家长式的，族长的，父权制的
2. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary shools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, \结构分析：本句的主干是I would single out... ，主干前面的部分Among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语动词single out之后以分号隔开的各个名词词组都是single out的宾语，都是句首所说的shaping factors ，其中a labor force之后的that引导一个定语从句，修饰labor force,而最后一个因素之前有词组above all ，说明这是最重要的因素，也就是文章的主题。句末的形容词technological后置作things的定语。
参考译文：在众多促成因素中，让我挑选的话，我会选下列这些因素：美国优秀的小学；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；最重要的是美国人在技术性问题方面的非语言的\空间\思维天赋。
shape使形成，塑造 single out选出，跳出 practice制度 premium奖品，额外津贴 spatial空间的，有关空间的 1
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