2020届二轮复习 (十三) 定语从句
定语从句必备知识 1．定语从句
在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以
分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的
男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)
2．先行词
被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是： (1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词) This is the place which is worth visiting.
这是值得参观的地方。
He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。 (2)一个短语
Many life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or
colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
(3)一个分句
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the
process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
(4)一个完整的句子
I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi
immediately, which was why I was late that morning.我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我立即乘出租车把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。
3．关系词
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大
作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.(which代指Beijing，
在从句中作主语)
4．先行词与关系词的关系
(1)关系代词who, that, which实际上是先行词的替代词 A plane is a machine that can fly.(that＝a machine)
The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(who＝the boy) (2)关系代词whose实际上是先行词的所有格
The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whose＝the
boy's)
(3)关系副词实际上是“介词＋先行词”
The school where I study is far from my home. (where＝in the school) 5．分类
(1)限制性定语从句
它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去
意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。
Do you know the girl who just came in? 你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？
The time when I first met Mr White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次
遇见怀特先生时是我生命中一个非常艰难的时期。
(2)非限制性定语从句
它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种
从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。
The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.
这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那栋房子有一个漂亮的花园。
关系代词
[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018?全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published
in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
解析：that/which 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作
主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。
2．(2018?全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005
— when the government started a soil-testing program________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：that/which 空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soil-testing
program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。
3．(2018?浙江高考)Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less
than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：who/that 先行词是Many westerners，指人，故用who/that 引导定语
从句，并在从句中作主语。
4．(2017?全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top
models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：who 分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，
且空格处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。
5．(2015?全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking
the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
解析：that/which 根据语境和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词指
物，关系词在从句中作主语，因此答案为that/which。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017?全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables
in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.________________
解析：that→which 此句是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引
导。
2．(2017?全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very
important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.________________
解析：they→that/which 分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，
并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。
3．(2016?四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's
favorite.________________
解析：what→that/which或去掉what 分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定
语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。又因引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，故也可以直接把what去掉。
[谨记规则]
(一)关系代词的基本用法 1．who
用于指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the
person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.(作主语)
但是，努力过却失败的人比那些坐享其成的人要好得多。 2．whom
用于指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替；但是，若从句中的介词提
到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语，不可用who代替。
In our class there are 48 students, half of whom are girls.(作宾语)我们班有48名
学生，其中有一半是女生。
3．which
用于指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to
communicate freely with each other.(作主语)在为学生营造自由交流的氛围这方面，她很有天赋。
4．that
既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which
互换，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.(作主语)这个古老的小镇有狭窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。
5．whose
表示所属关系，既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时相当于of
which；指人时相当于of whom。
The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.(作定语)桌上那
些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。
6．as
(1)引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、
宾语、表语。常用于下列结构：①such＋名词＋as ... 意为“像……一样的；像……之类的”；
②such(＋代词＋)as ...，意为“像……一样的；像……之类的”；③the same (＋名词＋) as ...意为“和……同样的”。
He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(作主语)他是一个时刻准备帮
助别人的人。
I have the same book as you (have)．(作宾语) 我有一本和你的一样的书。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分，意为“正
如；像”。
“You can't judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.(作宾语)正如老话
所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”
[特别注意] 关系代词在从句中作宾语时一般可省略，但其前有介词时一般不
可省略。
(二)关系代词的两处关注点
1．5种只用that而不用which的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,
none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时；
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ (2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very (恰恰，正好), the last, all,
no, few, little, any等修饰时；
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过
的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 (3)先行词既有人又有物时；
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。
(4)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时； Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
站在门口的那个人是谁？
2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别 which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如
see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
She married again, which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。 She married again, as we expected. 正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
关系副词
[全析考法] 单句语法填空
1．(2018?江苏高考改编)Selfdriving is an area________ China and the rest of
the world are on the same starting line.
解析：where 句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线
上的领域。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词area，并在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。
2．(2017?6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got
swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
解析：where 分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the
garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。
3．(2016?全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV
show in the mid-1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：when 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是表示时间
的“the mid-1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。
[谨记规则]
(一)关系副词的分类 关系副词 先行词 句法功能 when 时间 时间状语 where 地点 地点状语 why 原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)
The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where we enjoyed a splendid
view of the lake.我和朋友一起登上了山顶，在山顶上我们欣赏到了湖光美景。
Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们的提议的原因吗？ (二)关系副词与关系代词的易混点
若先行词为一些表示地点的抽象名词，如situation, point, stage, position, part,
condition, case等，且引导词在从句中作状语，则常用关系副词where或“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which引导。
I have come to the point where/at which I can't stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。
He's got into the situation where/in which he is in debt. 他已经陷入负债累累的境地。
At last he got the position (that/which) he had been dreaming of.他最终得到了他
梦寐以求的那个职位。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
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