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only to + 动词原形，表结果。
例：He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
动名词作主语
例：Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. （201340）
动名词前加逻辑主语构成复合结构。
逻辑主语可以是所有格人称代词、名词所有格、宾格代词。 例：It’s no use your telling me not to worry.
I really appreciate your offering to help me, but I will surely be able to manage by myself. （06专英17，201339）
The girl’s being educated in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
I remember him once offering to help us if we ever got into trouble. 动词不定式复合结构
It is difficult、necessary、important、common（表事物特征形容词）+ for sb. to do sth.
例：It is impossible for her to learn a foreign language in such a short time. It is kind、foolish、careless（表人物特征形容词）+ of sb. to do sth. 例：It was very cruel of them to eat rare wild animals.
（六）非谓语动词2（现在分词与过去分词） 常考点：
1.现在分词或过去分词做状语
做题关键：理解分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系。具体：
（1） 做状语的分词动作与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示动作与谓语动作同时发生，用现在分词的一般式：
例：Sally was lying in bed, crying.
Jim was caught smuggling drugs into the country. （201321）
（2） 分词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，且分词与句子主语为主谓关系，分词用having done形式：
例：Not having finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend. （200920）
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（3） 分词动作与逻辑主语之间有被动关系，用过去分词：
例：Given more time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem. （200614）
Viewed from the top of the mountain, the building looks like a bird nest. （201324）
（4） 分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，且与句子主语是动宾关系，分词用having been done形式。
例：Having been given such a good chance, he planned to learn more.
（5） 注意垂悬分词（在句子中无逻辑主语）considering?，或given（that）?等：“考虑到??”
2. 现在分词、过去分词做宾语补足语
例：His English was so poor that he found it difficult to make himself understood. （200630）
Henry’s remarks left me wondering about his real purpose. （200836） Don’t let him catch you doing that again.（2013专英7）
There is something wrong with Steven’s car, so he must have it checked. （2013专英19）
3. 过去分词做后置定语
David sent his girlfriend a ring kept by his grandmother for all her life. （201323）
4. 固定句型
leave/keep sb. doing sth. 使某人处于某种状态
catch/discover/set/start/get/have（使某人一直??）/excuse sb. doing sth.
（七）独立主格结构 常考点： 1. 句型
(1) 名（代）词+现在/过去分词：
例：She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beating fast.（201221）
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Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hands. （2007专英4） (2) 名（代）词+不定式：
例：Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. The little girl was left alone, with no one to look after her. （2013专英3） (3) There being +名（代）词：
例：There being nothing to talk about, he said goodbye and went out of the room. （200516）
(4) It being +名（代）词：
例：It being pretty late, we decided to leave at once in order to catch the last bus. （2006专英4）
It being a hot day, we decided to go swimming. (5) 名词(代词)+名词
例：Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
2. 时态问题
独立主格中动作发生在主句谓语之前时，独立主格结构中可用完成时。
例：Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
(八) 形容词性从句（定语从句）
常考点：关系代词或关系副词的选择；相关搭配中介词的选择；非限制性定语从句最常考。 做题关键：
(1) 看关系词在句中做什么成分。关系代词(that，which，as，who，whom 等) 用作主语或宾语；关系副词(when，where，why) 用作状语；whose用作定语，后加名词。 (2) 先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which，as)。 注意特殊情况：
(1) 指人时宜用who 的情况：先行词是 one, ones, anyone，those时；例：Anyone who goes there will be punished.
非限制性定语从句中。例：Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s. （200617） (2) 宜用 that 的情况
①先行词为 all, much, little, any, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing 等。
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例：All that is needed is a continuous supply of fuel. （200837） ②先行词既指人又指物时。
例：He spoke of the men and the thing (that) he had seen abroad.
We are talking about the piano and the pianist that were in the concert we attended last night. （201333）
③先行词被序数词first, last, next，形容词最高级，或the very, the only, any, every, no等词修饰。
例：This is one of the best films that I have ever seen. This is one of the very books that I am looking for. (3) 只能用 which 不能用 that的情况 ①引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。
例：Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry. ②关系代词做介词的宾语。
例：The speaker could hardly find safe ground on which to base his arguments. （201015）
Don’t talk about such things of which you are not sure. （201317）
(4) as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case，as often happens，as is known to all，as might be expected，as has been said before，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)。
(5) 主句中有as, such, the same, so时，后面常选as。
例：It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us. （2009专英4） Can machines perform the same tasks as man does? （201029） （九）副词性从句（状语从句） 1. 时间状语从句 引导词：
①before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, whenever
例：Earthworms occur whenever adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found. （2009专英33）
② “一??就”：as soon as, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner? than, hardly?when?
例：No sooner had he sat down than the phone rang.（201040） The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call.
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