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定语从句（1）
一、概念
1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面，但as引导的修饰全句的定语从句可以放在句首。
2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词的作用：
(1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
(2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）; 常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but
1. that多指物，有时也指人。在从句中作主语或宾语，有时作表语，作宾语时常省略。 2. which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常省略。 3. who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
4. whom指人， 在从句中作宾语， 在口语及非正式文体中常省略。 5. whose可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。
6. as指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语。 当先行词被the same，as，such等修饰时，多用as引导。 7. but文语, 置于否定词之后=that/who…not…, \没有……不……\在从句中作主语，宾语。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾
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语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语) 2) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
3) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如： Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
4) 关系代词that和which (1) 不用that的情况： a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c) 先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。 The first English book that I read was \d) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
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He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e) 当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate. f) 关系代词在从句中做表语 He is not the man that he used to be. (3) 用which不用that的情况
a) which可以引导非限制性定语从句，that不能。(非限制性定语从句将在M1U3复习) He had failed in the maths exam，which made his father very angry． b) which可以用在介词后，that不可。
That is the house in which Mark Twain used to live．
c) 一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导。另一个不能再用that，而用which。 He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill the time．
5) who、whom及whose
who、whom、whose作为关系代词既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词主要指人，其中whose也可指物。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时用who，作宾语或表语时用whom或who，表示所属关系时用whose。 (1) whose的用法
whose表示所属关系，与名词连用，可指人或物。“whose＋名词”在从句中可作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语。
a) When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.(whose beauty作主语，whose指人a girl)
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b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.(whose importance 作动词realize的宾语，whose指物a meeting)
c) Atlas (in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested.(whose shoulders作介词on 的宾语) (2) 多用who 的情况 a) 关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend. b) 先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. c) 先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work. d) 在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you. e) 在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
f) 在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that, 但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard. There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does. (3) who和whom的区别：
a) 不能用whom在从句中作主语，只能作宾语或表语。而who作主语、宾语、表语均可。 例如：a) The girl who we supposed was drowned came back. b) The girl who/whom we supposed drowned came back.
b) whom在作动词或介词宾语时，特别是在口语中，一般省去，或用who、that代替。而在以介词结尾的定语从句中最好不用whom。例如：
I think you should stay faithful to the person whom you're married to. (×) 上面一句一般被认为是不正确的，宜改为：
I think you should stay faithful to the person who/that you’re married to. (口语中)
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I think you should stay faithful to the person you’re married to.
I think you should stay faithful to the person to whom you’re married. (正式文体中) c) 在非限制性定语从句中，最好whom用作宾语，且不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.
6) 关系代词who，whom和which的选用
在某些特定的情况下，要使用who，whom或which，一般不使用that。 ①非限制性定语从句中不用that，指人时用who或whom，指物时用which。 Mr Wang，who Was my former teacher, retired last year． (此句中的who不能用that) This is the book，which he bought yesterday.
②介词后用whom指人，用which指物，不用that。 D0 you know the boy to whom I spoke just now? This is the factory in which he works．
③如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词用了that,后一句宜用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which Was newly open to us． 练习巩固
一、用适当的关系词填空：
1. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, ________is the best season there. 2. I will never forget the days ________I spent with your family. 3. I'll never forget the last day ________ we spent together.
4. Do you still remember the place________ we visited last week?
5. Have you ever been to Hangzhou, _______is famous for the West Lake? 6. Who _______ knows him wants to make friends with him? 7. What else was there in my brother _______ you didn't like? 8. He lives in the room _________ window faces to the south. 9. This is Mr. John for _________ son I brought a book yesterday. 10. This is Mr. John for ________ I bought a book yesterday.
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