2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式:
将来时 will/shall+动词原1 形 be going to+动词原含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,2 形 或表示很有可能要发生某事 tonight. go, come, start, move, leave, be + doing 进行时3 表示将来 将发生的动作 I was about to leave when the be about to + 动词表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的bell rang. 4 原形 动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the school 5 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 gate at noon. The meeting starts at five 一般现在时表示将时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事o’clock. 6 来 情,可用一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening. arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即Are they leaving for Europe? He is moving to the south. We’re going to have a party 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 year. It’s going to clear up. 用法 例句 My sister will be ten next II. 动词的被动语态:
常用被动语构成 态 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词can/must/may be asked 的 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that…??????????? It is generally considered that…?????????? It 注 is said that… 意 It is well known that…???????? It must be pointed out that…????????????? It 事 is supposed that… 项 It is reported that…??????????? It must be admitted that…??????????????? It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing.????????? The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act.??????????? The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: 常用被动语态 构成 leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七.情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法:
情态动词 用法 can 允许或许可(口语中常用) /can’t do Yes,…can. 可能性(表猜测,用于否定句could 或疑问句中) May…do…? Yes,…may. may 可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) Might…do…? Yes,…might might 祝愿(用于倒装句中) might not do No,…might not. Must…do…? Yes,…must. 必须,应该(表主观要求) must not/mustn’t must 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) do have to. 只好,不得不(客观的必须,have to 有时态人称变化) 应当(表示义务责任,口语中ought not ought to 多用should 将要,会 Shall…do…? 用于一三人称征求对方意见 shall not/shan’t shall 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、do No,…shan’t. 警告、威胁等 应当,应该(表义务责任) should should 本该(含有责备意味) will 意愿,决心 not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do Will…do…? Should…do…? Yes,…shall.? Yes,…ought. to/oughtn’t to do No,…oughtn’t. don’t have to do Yes,…do.? No,…don’t. Ought…to do…? Do…have to do…? No,…needn’t/don’t may not do No,…mustn’t/can’t. couldn’t do No,…can’t. 否定式 疑问式与简答 Can…do…? 能力(体力,智力,技能) can not / cannot 请求,建议,用在问句中wouldwould would 比较委婉 Yes,…will.? not/wouldn’t do No,…won’t. Dare…do…? dare dare not/daren’t 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) Yes,…dare. do No,…daren’t. 需要 need not/needn’t Need…do…? Yes,…must. do 中) No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? used Yes,…used.? need 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句not/usedn’t/usenNo,…use(d)n’t. used to 过去常常(现在已不再) ’t to do Did…use to do…? didn’t use to do Yes,…did.? No,…didn’t. II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: ?used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:
need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八.非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
构成 非谓语形式 时态和语态 to do 不定式 to have done doing 现在having done having been 分词 分词 过去done 分词 doing 动名词 being done sb’s 具有名词的作用 having done having been done doing 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 语前加done not 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 being done 在非谓done 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 to be done 特征和作用 否定式 复合结构 for sb. to 具有名词,副词和形容词的作do sth. 用 to be doing to have been II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, 语的动词 manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
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