英美文学选读复习
1、文学分期：①The colonial period(early17C~late19C)殖民主义时期
②The Romantic period(the first half of 19C)浪漫主义时期 ③The Age of Realism and Naturalism现实主义和自然主义时期 ④The period around World War I 一战 ⑤The modern period 现代时期
2、Benjamin Franklin；Thomas Paine;Phillip Freneau 3、Romanticism: Washington Irving“美国小说之父”；Edgar Alan Poe “恐怖小说家” Nathaniel Hawthome ；William Whitman“第一次用自由体写诗歌” Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson ; Phillip Thoreau Realism: Mark Twain“黑色幽默”“美国文学之父”“美国文学中的林肯”《汤姆索亚历险记》 Henry James《金碗》
Naturalism:Stephen Grane ; Theodere Dreiser《美国悲剧》《嘉莉妹妹》 The 1920s：T.S Eliot 《荒原》;William Faulkner; Ernest Hemingway
4、美国文学的特点：independent、individualistic、critical、innovative、humorous 5、Puritan values:hard work thrift（节俭） piety（虔诚）sobriety(节制，清醒)simple tastes(淡泊名利)
John Smith:“The first American writer”. Pocahontas波卡洪塔斯
Anne Branstreet:特点是fresh,simple,direct,plain,honest,direct influence of the Bible.
6、American Naturalism
⑴Time:grew out of 19th century realism
⑵Theoretical sources:Charles Darwin,Herbert Spencer(life become a struggle for survival),determinism.
⑶Three major concepts of literary naturalism:
?humans are controlled by laws of heredity(继承) and environment.
②The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile(敌视)to human desires. ③The true reality is not found in the similling aspects of middle class life. ⑷Objectives 生动的生活画面，刻画
⑸Difference between naturalism and realism: a、细节，真实感b、决定论带来的悲剧c、purpose of life:生命是一种为生存而斗争的战争。d、language:摇摆的语言e、outlook of life：消极、悲观、灰暗 ⑹Major representatives:
?Theodore Dreiser《An American Tragedy美国悲剧》；《Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹》theme:moves along like mechanism drive by desire for existence. ②Stephen Crane《A Girl of The Streets街头女郎》 ③Frank Morris《Mcteague麦克提格》“第一本美国自然主义小说”。 ④Jack London:创作源于自己的经历，“最成功的工人阶级作家”《The Call of The Wild野性的呼唤》、《White Fang白牙》、《Martin Eden马丁伊登》“自传体小说”。 ⑤Robert Lee Frost:诗人，“The road not taken,stopping by woods on the snowing evening”.
7、American Modernism(1876~1941):A way of referring to the efforts of many individuals across the arts who tried to move away from established modes 〔realistic〕 of representation.
⑴causes of the modernist temper:World War I、urbanization、technological Evolution 、growth of modern science、female right to vote、influence of Marx and Nietzsche“God is dead”、stream of consciousness、Ambiguity(不确定性)、on the road. ⑵Key descriptors:decentered、pessimistic、loss and despair、rejection of history. ⑶Techniques:“make it new”——collapsed plots;Fragmentary;techniques. ⑷Novel writers:Scott Fitzgerald 《the Great Gatsby》； Ernest Hemingway 《the Farewell to Arms》； John Steinbeck《The Angry Grape》； William Faulkner《The Sound and the Fury喧哗与骚动》 8、Lost generation:格特鲁德·斯泰因是“迷惘的一代”的教母，共有的彷徨和失望情绪。 9、印象主义（Impressionism）:庞德，诗人。威廉·福克纳《我弥留之际》《声音与疯狂》，其特点是语言简约主义和口语化倾向，如海明威的电报式语言，创作上勇于创新，菲茨杰拉德浪漫精巧，海明威第一人称内聚焦，福克纳意识流。 传记文学：回忆录空前繁荣，突出的反战情绪，反叛旧文化。代表作：Hemingway《the Sun Also Rises》
10、Beat Generation:1950s,Beat writing generally abandoning 物质利益，追求精神，杰克·克鲁亚克《On the Road》,丧失了对人性最基本的理解。
11、Realism:背景：资本主义彻底的胜利，社会矛盾尖锐，自然科学，唯物主义哲学，空想社会主义的发展。特征：提供了特定时代丰富多彩的社会画面、认识价值；提供了以人道主义为思想武器，揭露、反应社会现实、同情下层人民。代表作家作品：斯托夫人《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，马克吐温悲剧三层次“开怀的笑”“开心地笑”“含泪的笑”；豪威尔斯《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》“美现实主义奠基人”；亨利·詹姆斯“心理现实主义大师、心理分析小说家、意识流文学先驱、世态小说”。 英国文学
一、八个分期⑴Medieval Period :romance and legend;①Beowulf:Knight ②Geoffrey Chaucer:《坎特伯雷故事集》
⑵Renaissance Period:christian,poetry,drama;①Thomas More:《Utopia》②Edmund Spenser ③Christopher Marlowe《浮士德博士的悲剧》④Francis Bacon:《论读书》⑤William Shakespeare:《Sonnet》.
Four Great Comedies:《驯悍记》《仲夏夜之梦》《十二夜》《暴风雨》 ⑶Revolution Period:poetry.①John Milton 《Paradise Lost》②John Donne:Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人)③John Bunyan 《天路历程》
⑷Enlightenment Period:①Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》②Samuel Johnson③James Boswell④Daniel Defoe
⑸Romanticism Period:前期人物William Blake《青春之歌》《经验之春》“诗哲”；Robert Burns“民谣诗人”。William Wordsworth 《抒情歌谣集》，John Keats“beauty is truth,truth beauty”.
⑹Realistic Period:Jane Austen,Charles Dickens,Three Bronte sisters ⑺Modern Period:D·H Lawrence,William Golding《蝇王》，George Orwell 《1984》，Joseph Conrad 《黑暗之心》，James Joyce“莎士比亚第二”，Yeats. ⑻Contemporary Period：Doris Lessing《金色笔记》，Samuel Becket《等待戈多》，John Osborn.
1、Jonathan Swift:语言风格是绝妙的讽刺，不温不火，绵里藏针。《A Modest Proposal》 《The Battle of Books》《Gulliver’s Travels》
2、Charles Dickens: 人会因环境的改变而改变。15 fictions，profile（多产作家），Greatest
realistic writer。《The Pickwick Papers》《The Adventures of Olive Twist》《The Life and Adventures of Nicolas Nickleby》《The Tale Of Two Cities》《These Things Shall Never Die》 《Great Expectation》:writing style:gothic Romance哥特式浪漫；comic touch幽默 3、Thomas Hardy:19世纪末英国最伟大的作家，fatalism宿命论，tragic sense,realistic writer.他分为两个创作时期，19世纪是realism，以novel为主；20世纪是modernism,以poems为主，是“现代派的先驱”，即对维多利亚时代价值观的挑战和对宗教的描述。代表作《Tess Of D’Urbervilles》,他的小说分为三类：传奇和幻想作品，机巧和实验小说，性格和环境小说，威塞克斯小说：《The Return of The Native》《Far From the Madding Crowd》 4、George Bernard Shaw:批判现实主义作家，《Pygmalion》(《My Fair Lady》)《Mrs Warren’s Profession》《Saint Joan》《Arms and the Man》，其写作特色是关注社会问题（social problem)，坚持文学的教育功能，幽默机智和生动喜剧感，平民人物，为后来的象征主义戏剧和荒诞派戏剧开辟了道路。
5、James Joyce:早期：The potrait of the Artists as a young man(现实主义)，it has every Irish nationalism features.中期：Romanticism,意识流。《Araby》有东方色彩的神秘地方，“我”幻想所有美好事物的地方。《The Dead》. 黑人文学
1、Toni Morrison:《Invisible Man》美战后“最杰出的的一部作品”“寻找自我”。 赖特《土生子》native son“抗议小说”，《汤姆叔叔的孩子们》。 2、Alice Walker:《The Color Purple》《The Bluest Eye》《Sula》，《盖瑞家和他们的朋友》是美国本土出版的第一本黑人小说。《Song of Solomon》(《所罗门之歌》)获诺贝尔文学奖的美国黑人中的第一人。
3、休斯“哈莱姆桂冠诗人”；赫斯顿《他的眼睛望着上帝》是最重要的长篇小说。 4、James Baldwin：《Go Hell on the Mountain》(《向苍天呼吁》) 美国华裔文学 1、汤婷婷：《The Woman Warrior》(《女勇士》)《China Man》 2、谭恩美：《The Joy Luck Club》(《幸福会》)
3、Naturalism:Naturalism is a literary movement taking place from 1800s to 1900s that is new and harsher realism to suggest that social conditions ,heredity ，and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.
Romanticism:Romanticism Romanticism was a movement in literature， philosophy， music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)， it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。 Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.
Realism:In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.
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