第40讲 简单句、陈述句、一般/特殊/选择/反意疑问句、
祈使句、感叹句
▲
▲ 能理解根据句子的功能，把简单句分成4类。 ▲掌握各种类型的句子的结构。
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语) 1．根据句子的结构，简单句可分为5 (1)S+V(2)S+V+O(3)S+V+P (4)S+V+InO+DO(5)S+V+O+C 此外，还有there be句型，这一句型具有就近原则，也即谓语动词用单数还是复数要看接近于be动词的那个名词。
2．根据句子的功能，简单句可分为4 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
1 2 (1)加not
(2)由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing 其中两者的全部否定用neither或nor,部分否定用both +not. 如：Neither of them knows French.
Both of them don't know French.
三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many, every加not构成
如：None of these answers are right.All these books are not mine.
(3)在某些句子中，按语意应放在that从句中的否定词not被移前到主句的谓语动词中，这种否定提前的情况用于think, believe, suppose等动词，如：I don't believe it will be very cold tomorrow.
1 (1)用Yes,No (2)往往把be,
(3)在一般疑问句中，如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向，句中常用非肯定词，如：
Is there anything wrong with your car?
如果提问人对答案有肯定的意向，即希望得到肯定的回答，则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词，如：Would you like some drink?因此，在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供帮助时，通常用some代替any。 2．特殊疑问句：用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用Yes,No
(1)疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成份时，用疑问词+一般疑问句， 如：When will you go?
(2)疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，与陈述句的顺序相同，
Whose father works in Shanghai? Who is on duty today?
3
(1)构成：陈述句 + 简略问句 (前肯定,后否定 或者前否定,后肯定)
简略问句的主语与陈述句保持一致，只能用人称代词(there除外)，简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致，
Jim isn't a student, is he?/There are some books in it, aren't there? (2)陈述部分I'm...结构，疑问部分一般用aren't I, I'm late, aren't I?
(3)陈述句中有little, few, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly (4)陈述句中有指物的不定代词nothing, something, anything时，简短问句中用代词it,陈述句中有指人的不定代词everyone, no one, someone, everybody, nobody, anybody时，简短问句中用代词he或they，如：Everyone is here, aren't they/isn’t he? (5)陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that等时，疑问部分的主语在形式上与前者不同，但在逻辑上却与前者一致，如：This is very important, isn't it?
(6)陈述部分如果是“I (don't) think (believe, suppose...)+宾语从句”时，疑问部分中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的主语和动词保持一致，如：I don't believe she knows it, does she? (7)含有情态动词must的句子表示猜测时，疑问部分与must后面部分一致，不能用mustn't,如：You must be tired, aren't you?当must表示“有必要”时，疑问部分用needn't,如：You must go home right now, needn't you?当mustn't表示禁止时，疑问部分一般用must, You mustn't walk on grass, must you? (8)
肯定祈使句+will you/won't you? 否定祈使句+will you?
Let's...+shall we?(包括对方) Let us...+will you?(不包括对方)
(9)感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，并用be What a lovely girl, isn't she?
(10)前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句在回答时，需根据其实际情况，实际情况是肯定的，则用Yes+肯定结构，实际情况是否定的，则用No+ —You can't speak English, can you? —Yes, I can(不，我会的) (11)关于“'d”和“'s 注意比较：
He’d like a cup of tea, wouldn’t he?/You’d better go now, hadn’t you? He’s never late for school, is he?/He’s never been there, has he?
4．选择疑问句：选择疑问句是用or连接询问的两部分，以供选择，答案必须是完整的句子或其省略形式，不能用Yes或No回答，如：Are you Jim or Tom?I'm Tom.
肯定式谓语用动词原形，否定式用“Don't (Never)+动词原形”，Stand up, please./Don't be afraid.
感叹句有用how或what 1．How
(1) How+形容词(副词)+主语+
How beautiful the flower is! (2) How修饰动词，句型是“How+主+
How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it! (3) How+形容词(副词)
How interesting(it is)!
2．what
(1)What+(a)+形容词+名词+主语+
What a nice horse it is! What fine weather! What good news! (2)What(a)+名词!
What a pity!
例1 -She isn't a dancing teacher, is she?
- .
A. Yes, she isn't B. No, she is
C. Yes, she wasn't D. No, she isn't
解析 前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句，在回答时要注意前后一致，故选D。 例2 You think he is a doctor, ?
A. isn't he B. is he
C. do you D. don't you
解析 本题若是以I think或I don't think开头，则简短问句与从句保持一致，用isn't he,但此题用的是You think,
所以简短问句应与主句保持一致，故选D。 例3 to travel by boat on a hot summer night!
A. How pleasant is B. So pleasant
C. Such a pleasure D. How pleasant it is
解析 本题是以How开头的感叹句，按照“How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语”，应选D 例4 -Didn't you play basketball last Sunday?
- .
A. No, I did B. Yes, I didn't C. Yes, I did D. No, I play
解析 本题是反问句，回答时应注意前后一致，即用Yes, I did或No, I didn't,故选C 例5 What nice food, ?
A. is it B. does it C. isnt' it D. doesn't it
解析 这是感叹句的反意疑问句，要用be的一般现在时，并运用其否定式，故选C。
例6 Lucy is unhappy, ?
A. is she B. isn't she C. is Lucy D. isn't Lucy 解析 反意疑问句若前句是肯定形式则简短问句用否定形式，并用代词来代替人名，另外，不可把unhappy当成not happy，
故选B。
例7 Let us pass, ?
A. shan't we B. shall we C. won't we D. will you
解析 用Let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句，简短问句往往用will you,表示不包括对方，故选D。
1．Catherine is a girl's name， isn't it? 2．I am a teacher, aren't I?
3．There's little water in the glass, is there?
4．Don't take the book out of the library, will you? 5．He'll never forget it, will he? 6．Let's have a rest, shall we?
7．I think Kate speaks English well, doesn't she? 8．That boy must be Tom, isn't he?
２、熟记反意疑问句的各种类型。
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