第五次课讲义（状语从句）
复习名词性从句，定语从句
状语从句的功能相当于副词，用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，用作状语。状语从
句有连词引导，多表示某动作发生的背景、时间、地点、原因等。
一、时间状语从句
时间状语从句说明主语谓语动词发生的时间。时间状语从句由表示时间的引导词引导，常位于主句前或主句后，常用的连接词如下：
（1）连词：after(在......之后)，as(随着)，before(在......之前)，once(曾经)，since(自从),till（直到......为止，直到）,not......until(直到......才),as soon as(一.......就),when(当......时候), whenever(任何时候),while(当......时候，与when相似),no sooner...than...(一.......就), hardly/scarcely/barely...when....(还没......就)等；
①until（till是直到或直到......才） Not......until......(直到......才......)
The patient remained in isolation until she was no longer in danger.病人一直被隔离，直到她不在危险之中。
We do not understand peace,until faced with conflict.我们不理解和平，直到面临冲突。
②once(曾经)，as(随着)
And once their brains lock onto an opinion,most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support.一旦他们的大脑锁定了一种观点，其随后的大多数思维活动就是找出理由来支持这个观点。
But as time goes by,we tend to blame age for problems that are not necessarily age-related.但随着时间的流逝，我们往往把和年龄没有必然联系的问题归咎于年老。
③no sooner......than......(一......就....)
hardly/scarcely/barely...when....(还没...就....)（主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时） as soon as(一.......就)
I had no sooner reached home than it begin to rain.我一到家，天就下起了雨。
No sooner had I got to the but stop than the bus started.我刚到公共汽车站，汽车就开了。
As soon as I got to the bus stop,the bus started.我刚到公共汽车站，汽车就开了。
Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started.我还没到公交站，汽车就开了。
(2)名词短语：the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time等 ①the moment,the minute,the instant,the second（...时刻）
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Televisions enable us to see things occur almost the instant they are happening.电视使我们能够在事情发生的同时看到它们是如何发生的。
②every time(每次)
You strengthen it every time you recite those vocabulary.每一次你背诵单词，便是更加强化你对单词的记忆。
(3)介词短语by the time(到....的时候)
By the time we arrived,the house was in flames.我们到达时房子已经在熊熊燃烧了。
Extra:考研真题句：
（1）Foresight may reveal potential threats that we can prepare to deal with before they become crises.远见可以揭示潜在威胁，让我们能防患于未然。
(2)Do we need quotas ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
我们需要限定比例来确保妇女在现实工作和家庭平衡的同时能够公平地晋升到领导层吗？
二、地点状语
地点状语从句说明主语谓语动词发生的地点，由表示地点的引导词引导，如where(在哪里)，wherever(任何地方)，everywhere(每个地方),anywhere（无论任何地方）
(1)Resume reading where your left off.从停下来的地方接着往下读吧。
（2）Avoid this kind of structure wherever it is possible.在任何有可能的地方都要避免这样的结构。
Extra:考研真题句：
（1）And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gander difference—or invent them where they did not previously exist.
对市场进行细分的最简单的方法之一就是扩大性别差异—或者“制造”出一些原本不存在的差异。
三、条件状语
条件状语从句说明主语的谓语动词发生的条件。常见的引导词，if(如果)，unless(除非)，only if（只要）,if only（但愿......就好了）,as/so long as（只要）,provided/providing that（假如）,suppose/supposing that（假如）,on condition that（条件是......）,it the event that(倘若),in case that（万一）等。例如：
（1）One cannot be successful in business unless he is willing to take a risk. 想要在商业上取得成功就得冒险。
（2）If only you had followed my advice,you could not have got into trouble.
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要是你听从了我的忠告，就不会陷入麻烦。
（3）I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care. 只要你小心使用，我就借给你。
（4）If we know female job interviewers are more likely to reject attractive female applicants,we can help interviews understand their biases—or hire outside interviews.\\
如果我们知道女性招聘人员更有可能拒绝有吸引力的女性应聘者，我们就可以帮助这些招聘者认识到她们存在的偏见—或者聘请外面的招聘人员。
Extra:考研真题句：
（1）We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids can’t learn if they come from terrible environments.
我们为这种不诚实的行为开脱的借口是，出生家境不好的孩子难以学习
(2)I have to admit that it does feel good to have own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future.
我必需承认有钱存在自己的账户上以防不时之需的感觉很好。 要点提示：真实条件句与非真实的条件句
条件解句有两种：一种是真实的条件句，表示现实或可能变为现实的条件，用陈述语气；另一种是非真实条件句，表示非现实的或不大可能变成现实的条件，常用虚拟语气。 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实相反 if从句谓语动词形式 过去时/were had+过去分词 过去时/should+动词原形 were to+动词原形 主语谓语动词的形式 should/would/could/might+动词原形 should/would/could/might+have done should/would/could/might+动词原形 ①The victim would have had a chance to survive if he had been taken to hospital in time. (与过去事实相反)
难者如果及时送往医院，他本有机会活下来的。
②If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.(与现在事实相反) 如果我知道他的号码，我就会告诉你的。
③If there should be a heavy snow next Sunday,we world not go skating.(与将来事实相反) 如果周日下大雪，我们就不去滑冰了。
四、原因状语
原因状语从句说明主语谓语动词发生的原因，其引导词有：because,as,since，for,now that,in that,seeing that,considering that,on the ground(s) that等都是解释为因为.....所以.....，例如：
（1）as,since,for,now that它们都可以表示较明显或对方已知的原因。译作“既然”，“由
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于”。
①As I don’t know how to do it,I asked my teacher.由于我不知道怎么做就问了老师。
②Since his method doesn’t work,let’s try yours.既然他的办法已经不管用了，让我们试试你的办法把。
③You couldn’t have seen him,because/for he hasn’t here.你不可能见到他，因为他当时不在这里。
④Now that he will never come back,just forget him as soon as possible.既然他已经永远不会再回来了，所以你就尽快的把他忘了吧。
（2）in that,seeing that,considering that,on the ground(s) that,because都是因为的意思，可以相互替换，常用because和in that.
①Their marriage came to an end because they were not compatible with each other. 因为他们两无法和睦相处，所以就离婚了。
②She disliked Johnson on the grounds that he is lazy and crazy. 因为约翰逊很懒很疯狂，所以她不喜欢他。
③A gas differs from solid in that is has no definite shape. 气体不同于固体的地方在于它没有固定的形状。
④I work hard in my study seeing that I eager to pass my examination. 因为我渴望通过考试，所以我非常努力的学习。
Extra:考研真题句：
（1）Silver coins are no longer in circulation because the silver in coins is worth much more than their face value.
由于硬币的银要比其代表的面值更值钱，因此银币不再用于流通。
（2）Identity theft happens very easily because every identification number you
have------Social Security,credit cards,driver’s license,telephone-----”is a key that unlocks some storage of money or goods,”says a fraud program manager of the US Postal Service.
身份盗窃案很容易发生，因为所用代表你身份证的号码—社保号、信用卡、驾照和电话号码—都是“开启某个金库或商品库的钥匙，”美国邮政一位反欺诈的项目经理说。
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