例如：
Away flew the birds. 鸟儿飞走了。 Out went the children. 孩子们出去了。 Down came the rain. 下起大雨来了。
Bang went the firecracker. 爆竹砰的一声响了。 The door burst open and in rushed a stranger. 门突然开了，一个陌生人冲了进来。
4．用倒装来避免头重脚轻，使句子显得平衡。这主要是因为主语过长或强调表语或状语。
例如：
At the center of the big room over there is a table that is made of wood which is imported from Brazil of South America. 在那边那个大房子的中央有一张用从南美洲的巴西进口的木头做成的桌子。
（正常语序：A table that is made of wood which is imported from Brazil of South America is at the center of the big room over there. 这句话主语和谓语间隔太长，不平衡。）
Still wider will be the use of radar, which plays a very important role in our national defense. 雷达在我们的国防事业中起着非常重要的作用，它的用处将会更广泛。
（正常语序：The use of radar, which plays a very important role in our national defense, will be still wider. 主语和谓语间隔太长，不平衡。）
Written in English on the blackboard were these words: “Merry Christmas!” 在黑板上用英语写着这么几个字：“圣诞快乐！” Present at the meeting were the school headmaster, the English teacher, and the students’ parents. 出席会议的有校长、英语教师和学生们的家长。
Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms. 金字塔里面是国王和王后们的墓穴和通往墓穴的长通道。
5．其他用法
倒装还可用在强调表语和宾语的句子中。把表语和宾语提到主语前。 如：
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. 爱因斯坦就是这样一个取得了伟大成就的单纯的人。
Such was the story he told me. 这就是他给我讲的故事。
Happy is he who devotes himself to the cause of communism.
十一、It用法详解
it 在英语中的意思较多，用法较广，现总结如下。
（一）it作句子的真正主语
1．it 指前面已经提到过的人或事物，有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物，作真正主语。 例如：
What’s this? －It is a sheep? 这是什么？？这是一只绵羊。 Who is it? －It’s me (I). 谁？？是我。
It’s the wind shaking the window. 是风刮得窗户响。 2．it指时间、季节。一般用在无人称动词的主语。 例如：
What time is it? －It’s nine. 几点了？？九点了。
It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 开会的时间到了，我们走吧。 What day is today? －It’s Saturday. 今天星期几？？今天星期六。 What’s the date today? －It is October 1st. 今天是几号？ ？今天是十月一日。
What season is it? －It is summer. 现在是什么季节？？是夏季。 3．it 指气候。一般作无人称动词的主语。 例如：
Is it cold in this room? －No, it isn’t. 屋里冷吗？？不冷。 What’s the weather like today? －It is fine. 今天天气怎么样？？是晴天。
It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city. 这个城市夏天经常下雨，冬天经常下雪。
4．it指距离、情况等。一般用作无人称动词的主语。 例如：
It is five kilometers from my home to the school. 从我家到学校有五公里。
It is very near from this factory to that one. 从这个工厂到那个工厂非常近。
It is a long way to the sea. 离海很远。 Is it well with you? 你身体好吗？
（二）it作形式主语
动词不定式、动名词短语起、从句在句子中起主语作用，而这一部分用词较多时，可以用it作为形式主语，放在句首代表其后所说的事实上的、真正的主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
1．It +谓语＋动词不定式。It 作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。
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例如：
It is difficult to climb a mountain. 爬山是很艰难的。
It’s a good habit to do morning exercises. 作早操是个好习惯。
It’s important to do proper memory work in the study of a foreign language. 在学习外语时适当地做一些有助于记忆的练习是很重要的。
It is right to do so. 这样做是对的。
2．It＋谓语＋动名词短语。It 作形式主语，动名词短语作真正的主语。 例如：
It is dangerous playing with fire. 玩火是危险的。
It is no use learning without thinking. 学而不思则罔。
It’s useless arguing with a silly boy. 和笨孩子争论是没有用的。
3．It ＋谓语＋名词性从句。It 作形式主语，以that 引导的名词性从句是真正的主语。 例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t see such a good film. 你没看这么好的电影，真可惜。
It is certain that we shall succeed. 我们一定会成功。 It is strange that nobody knows where he lives. 真奇怪，谁也不知道他住在哪里。
（It is strange that…后面可用虚拟语气。
如：It is strange that he should have made such a mistake. 他居然犯了这样一个错误，真奇怪。
It is strange that nobody should know where he lives. 居然没有人知道他住在哪里，真奇怪。）
It is said that the plane will take off at ten tomorrow morning. 据说飞机明天上午十点起飞。
（三）it作形式宾语
it 作形式宾语，代表其后所说的真正的宾语。真正的宾语是以that 引导的名词性从句或不定式短语。例如：
I consider it wrong that you Chinese students learn English without comparing it with your own language. 我认为你们中国学生学习英语，不和你们自己的语言比较是不对的。 I find it not so difficult to learn a foreign language. 我发现学习一门外语不那么困难。
I remember I made it clear to you that I was not coming. 我记得向你明确表示过我不来。
They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and necessary job. 他们要向公众表明，他们在做一件重要而又必要的工作。
（四）it 用于强调结构
在表示强调的结构中，it 可用作先行代词，这种结构的句型如下：It +is/was +被强调的部分＋that +其他部分。如果强调的部分是人，可用who, whom 代替that. 例如：
Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon. 王教授每星期一下午教我们英语。
强调主语：It is Professor Wang who teaches us English every Monday afternoon. 强调间接宾语：It is us whom Prof. Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon. 强调直接宾语：It is English that Prof. Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon. 强调状语：It is every Monday afternoon that Prof. Wang teaches us English. It was here that I first met him. 这就是我初次与他见面的地方。 （强调状语）
It is the people who are realy powerful. 翻译练习
1)该上课了，快。
It is time for class. Hurry up.
2)从这儿到你们学校远吗？？不远，大约一公里。
Is it far from here to your school? ？No, it isn’t. It’s about a kilometer. 3)从我家到颐和园去很近。
It is very near from my home to the Summer Palace. 4)（天）正在下雨。 It’s raining now. 5)电灯是爱迪生发明的。
It was Edison who invented the electric light. 6)我认为学习一门外语是很重要的。
I think it important to learn a foreign language. 7)他通常一天读两次英语。
He made it a rule to read English twice a day. 8)从我家去天安门广场坐公共汽车大约要一个小时。
It takes about an hour to go from my home to the Tian’anmen Square by bus.
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反意疑问句
反意疑问句相当于“对不对？”“好不好？”“行不行？”，用yes或 no 回答。由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是附加疑问短语，中间用逗号隔开，所以反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。通常的形式是：肯定的陈述句＋否定的附加疑问，或否定的陈述句＋肯定的附加疑问。 如：
He studies English, doesn’t he? He doesn’t study English, does he? They are from America, aren’t they? They are not from America, are they? 反意疑问句的主要形式：
1．如果主句是be或其他助动词（如can, shall, will 等），其反意疑问句用同一助动词。 如：
We are late, aren’t we?
You haven’t met my wife, have you? He can drive a car, can’t he?
They used to have difficulty in just making ends meet, didn’t (usedn’t) they? You’d better eat with knives and forks, hadn’t you?
2．如果主语带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little等否定词或半否定词时，因为主句本身具有否定意义，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定式， 如：
We seldom go to the cinema, do we? Sue almost never worked, did she?
3．如果主句部分是 “I am…”结构，由于”am not” 没有相应的缩略形式，附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I 代替。 如：
I am your friend, aren’t I? I’m late, aren’t I?
I am a student, aren’t I?
在祈使句中的附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you. 4. 在祈使句中的附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you. 如：
Sit down, will you?
Have some tea, won’t you? Open the window, won’t you?
这种句子可以理解为: Will you do something? 如:Will you open the window?
注意：否定的祈使句之后，只能用will. 如：
Don’t forget, will you?
Don’t make so much noise, will you?
5．以Let’s… 开头的祈使句，肯定的用shall we? 否定的用all right? 或OK?, 如： Let’s go back to our seats, shall we?
Let’s not have hot food this time, OK? (all right?) 这种句子可以理解为：Shall we (do something?),
如:Shall we go back to our seats.这样有助于理解和记忆。
注意：Let’s 与Let us 的区别：Let’s包括听话人在内，应用shall we, 而Let us 不包括听话人在内，表示“请你让我们…”，要用will you. 如：
Let’s watch the news on TV, shall we? （表示建议） Let us watch the news on TV, will you? （表示请求）
6．主句是I suppose, I think, I believe等时，附加疑问部分则往往与that 从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。 如：
I suppose that you know the meaning of the word, don’t you? （这句话明显是要问“你是不是知道？”而不是问“我是不是这样认为？”） I don’t think that you have read the book, have you?
7．当主句的动词have 表示“拥有”时，附加疑问既可用have, 也可用do, 如：
You have a color TV set, haven’t you/don’t you?
当主句的have不表示“拥有”而表示其他意思时，附加疑问要用do, 如：
You had a cold yesterday, didn’t you?
They don’t have coffee with breakfast, do they? 8.There be句型的反意疑问句，用there 作主语。 如：
There is something wrong, isn’t there?
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There won’t be any trouble, will there? 不会有任何麻烦，是吗？
9.陈述部分的主语是everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody等不定代词时，其疑问部分的主语可用he, 也可用they. 如：
Everyone knows it, doesn’t he/don’t they?
英语反意疑问句的回答有点和汉语的相反。但一定要记住：只要回答是肯定的，都用yes，只要回答是否定的，都用no。这在主句是否定句的时候要特别注意。例如：
Mr. Jones can’t speak French, can he? ？No, he can’t. 琼斯先生不会讲法语，对吗？？对，他不会讲法语。
Mr. Jones can’t speak French, can he? ？Yes, he can. 琼斯先生不会讲法语，对吗？？不，他会讲法语。
This is not a door, is it? －Yes, it is. It is an iron door. 这不是门，对吗？？不，这是门。是扇铁门。
十二、连接词
连接词是英语中的一个重要组成部分，它们连接英语的句子和段落，使文章流畅自然，使英语句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间的关系一目了然。中国的语法书上一般不专门涉及连接词。鉴于中国学生在应用英语（尤其是写作）的时候常常犯连接词错误，如不用连接词、在使用连接词时错用标点符号等，我们有必要专门讲述连接词。
英语中连接词分为两大类：连词性连接词（即连词）和副词性连接词。 连词
连词用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。连词不能单独作句子成分，也没有词形变化。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。
（一）并列连词
并列连词用来连接句子中担任相同成分的词、短语或分句。常见的有七个单词和四个短语：and, but, or, for(因为), nor, so, yet; both…and…, not only….but also…., either…or…., neither…nor… 1．and用来连接词、短语或分句，表示并列或对称关系：
The man put on his coat and hat, and went out of the office. 那个人穿上外衣、戴上帽子，走出了办公室。 A car and a dictionary are both useful. 汽车和字典都有用处。 I went home and John stayed there. 我回家了，而约翰呆在那里。 2．but连接两个含义不同甚至相反的词、短语或分句，表示转折：
Not everybody is honest and hardworking, but Tom is. 并非每个人都诚实肯干，但汤姆是的。 We tried to persuade her to do it but failed. 我们尽力说服她去做，但没有成功。 3．or表示两者居其一，表示选择：
Which VCD player is better, this one or that one? 哪个VCD更好，这个还是那个？ Are you hungry or not? 你饿了没有？
4．For(因为)只能放在表示结过的分句后面，引导表示原因的分句：
I must be going, for it’s getting dark. 我必须走了，因为天黑了。 He didn’t go there, for he was ill. 他没到那儿去，因为他病了。 5．Both…and…只能用来连接两个并列的词或短语，不能连接句子： His plan is both easy and practical. 他的计划既容易又实用。
Zhang Yimou is a famous director both at home and abroad. 张艺谋是一位在国内外都著名的导演。 Both this plane and its engines are made in China. 飞机和它的发动机都是中国制造的。
6．Not only…but also…不但能连接词和短语，而且还能连接分句。Also 有时省略。注意not only 位于句首时，主语和谓语需要倒装：
He is not only an actor but also a writer. 他不仅是演员，而且是作家。
He not only read it but also remembered what he had read. 他不但读过，而且记住了所读过的东西。
When we talk about the universe, we mean not only the earth, the sun, and the moon, but (also) all the other things too far away for us to see. 当我们谈到宇宙时，我们不但指地球、太阳和月亮，而且还指一切远得看不见的其他东西。 Not only did he say it but (also) he did it. 他不但说了，而且做了。（倒装）
Not only do the nurses want a pay rise, but also they want reduced hours. 护士们不但要求加工资，而且还要求缩短工时。（倒装）
7．Either…or…表示选择，“或者…或者…”、“不是….就是…”的意思。注意either…or…（整个结构作主语时）句子中的动词通常要和邻近的主语相一致。
Either you are wrong, or I am. 不是你错了，就是我错了。
Either you or he is going to get the job. 不是你就是他将获得这份工作。
Can I borrow either your car or your bike? 我可以借用你的汽车或者你的自行车吗？
If you’re late, you should make an apology to the host either immediately or later. 如果你迟到了，你应该立即或事后向主人道歉。
8．Neither…nor…表示“既不….又不…”的意思。注意neither…nor…整个结构作主语时，句子中的谓语动词通常要和邻近的主语一致：
Neither the students nor I am ready yet. 学生们和我都还没有准备好。 He worked neither for fame nor for money. 他干工作既不图名又不图利。
The girl could neither speak nor write the language. 这个女孩既不会说也不会写那种语言。 9．So(因此)，引导表示结过的分句，原因分句在前。（与for相反） It’s getting dark, so I must be going. 天黑了，因此我得走了。
I had a headache, so I went to bed early last night. 我头痛，于是昨晚很早就睡了。
10．Yet (然而)，有时和and 一起用，表示吃惊、表示转折，相当于but at the same time, however, nevertheless:
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She is vain and foolish, and yet people like her. 她既虚荣又愚蠢，然而人们却喜欢她。
She’s a funny girl, yet you can’t help liking her. 她是个疯疯癫癫的女孩，然而你却禁不住喜欢她。 He worked hard, yet he failed. 他很努力，然而却失败了。 It’s strange, yet it’s true. 这事有点怪，却是真的。
He’s a wealthy, yet honest, businessman. 他是个富有而又诚实的商人。
It is only a little shop and yet it always has such lovely decorations. 那只是个小店，却总是有漂亮的装饰。
You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kept me waiting for a year. 你能在五分钟内画出一匹好看的马，然而你让我等了一年。
（二）从属连词从属连词是用来引导从句的。
1．连词that, if, whether，连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose以及连接副词how, when, why, where可用来引导名词从句，充当主语、表语、宾语等。非正式文体中的宾语从句常省略that：
I think (that) he’ll be back in an hour. 我认为他一小时后就会回来。 Who they are doesn’t matter much. 他们是谁没什么大关系。 Can you tell me where he is? 你能告诉我他在哪儿吗？
He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。
此外，that, which, who, whom, whose, when, why, where等还可以引导定语从句。
2．连词when, while, before, after, till/until, since, as soon as等引导时间状语从句： She said hello to me when she saw me. 她看到我的时候，和我打了招呼。 I’ll wait here until you come back. 我将在这里等你回来。
3．连词if, unless引导条件状语从句；because, as, since引导原因状语从句： I’ll help her if she asks me to. 如果她要求我，我就帮助她。
I won’t help her unless she asks me to. 除非她要求我，否则我不会帮她。 He didn’t come because he was ill. 因为他病了，所以没来。
As he hasn’t appeared yet, we shall start without him. 既然他还没有出现，我们就先开始吧。 Since everybody is here, let’s begin. 既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。
4．连词in order than, so that引导目的状语从句；so…that…引导结果状语从句：
I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussions undisturbed. (=I locked the door in order to continue our discussions undisturbed.) 我把门锁上了，以便我们可以继续讨论而不受打扰。
The car ran so fast that I couldn’t see who was in it. 汽车跑得那么快，我没看清谁坐在里面。 5．连词than, as…as…, not as/so…as…用来引导比较状语从句： He is better educated than his brother. 他比他兄弟受的教育好。 He is as well educated as his brother. 他和他兄弟受的教育一样好。
He is not as/so well educated as his brother. 他没有他兄弟受的教育好。
6．连词although, though 引导让步状语从句；where, wherever 引导地点状语从句： I’ll go wherever you go. 不管你去哪儿，我就去那儿。 Stay where you are! 原地别动！
Though/Although she is rich, she’s not happy. 尽管她富有，但她并不幸福。
一般来说，连词性质的连接词连接两个分句或引导一个从句，两个分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。
（三）副词性连接词
副词性质的连接词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号，而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。副词性质的连接词在写作中常常使用，主要分为以下几类：
1．表示顺序的，如first, in the first place, then, finally, in the end等等。尤其要注意then. 如： 误：He graduated from college in 2003, then he found a job. 正：He graduated from college in 2003, and then he found a job. He graduated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.
2．表示递进关系的，如in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover等。注意in addition 与in addition to 的区别：in addition 是副词性质；而in addition to 是介词性质，后面必须接宾语。
3．表示转折关系的，如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, 等等。要注意不要把however 当成连词：
误：In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), however, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.
正：In 2003, the United States launched the war on Iraq on account of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMD). However, no WMD has been found in Iraq so far.
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