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专升本英语重点语法及句型

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专升本英语重点语法

一、名词

1、可数名词Countable Noun

1.1 规则名词的复数形式,如:①map——maps ②box——boxes ③story——stories 1.2不规则名词的复数形式

1) 以-o结尾的名词多数加-es构成复数:

hero——heroes 英雄 cargo——cargoes货物 potato——potatoes 土豆 tomato——tomatoes西红柿 **某些外来词以-o结尾,但只加-s:

auto——autos 汽车 piano——pianos钢琴 photo——photos 照片 kilo——kilos公里 **以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的词也只加-s:

zoo——zoos动物园 radio——radios收音机 bamboo——bamboos竹子 studio——studios照相馆 2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v再加上-es:

thief——thieves小偷 knife——knives刀 wife——wives妻子 life——lives生命 shelf——shelves架子 half——halves半 **但有些只加-s: belief——beliefs信念 roof——roofs屋顶 3)常见特殊复数形式:

child——children孩子 foot——feet脚,英尺 goose——geese鹅 ox——oxen牛

tooth——teeth牙齿 mouse——mice老鼠 basis——bases基础 medium——media媒介 man——men 男人 woman——women女人 chairman——chairmen主席 datum——data数据 4)常见单复数形式相同:

sheep绵羊 deer鹿 fish鱼 fruit水果 yuan 元 shark鲨鱼 Chinese 中国人 Swiss瑞士人 5)常见的只能用复数形式的名词:

works工厂 species种类 crossroads十字路口 means手段

goods货物 clothes衣服 shoes鞋 thanks感谢 surroundings环境 politics政治学 physics物理学 glasses眼镜 outskirts郊区 wages工资 ***另外一些集合名词如:cattle, mankind, police, people, staff等总是用作复数。 2、不可数名词

2.1单位词修饰不可数名词: a piece of bread 一片面包 a bag of sand 一袋沙 a bottle of beer一瓶啤酒 a game of chess一盘棋 2.2度量词修饰不可数名词:a kilo of rice 一千克大米 a meter of string 一米带子 2.3常见不可数名词: advice 忠告 bread 面包 chalk 粉笔 furniture 家具 meat 肉 damage 损失 progress 进步 paper 纸 news新闻 rice 大米 money 钱 grass草 luggage行李 knowledge知识 sugar糖 work工作 food 食物 information信息 equipment设备 baggage行李 3、名词的所有格

1)名词 + 's: Mary's book

2) 名词s (复数) + ': the workers' library 特殊如: the children's palace 少年宫 Women's day 妇女节

3) 如某物为两人所共有,只需在两个名词后加's: Mary and Jane's car 共有 否则为:Mary's and Jane's cars 各自 4)双重所有格:

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a friend of my father's /mine 我(父亲)的一位朋友(部分概念)

a photo of Tom's 汤姆所拥有的一张照片,但照片上的未必是他本人 ***名词和数词组成复合结构:

一个为期三天的假期① a three-week holiday ② a three weeks'holiday ③ a holiday of three weeks Dr. Jones has a five-year-old daughter.

二、冠词

1、不定冠词a、an:表泛指,用于单数可数名词前,表示任何一个/类。

1.1以辅音音素开头的名词或词组前用a;以元音音素开头的名词或词组前用an

a university a European a book an umbrella an hour an error ***不可数名词用作可数名词时,可用a/an,如: She was inspired with a new courage. 1.2常见使用不定冠词的固定搭配:

have a cold 患感冒 as a result因此,结果 as a rule 通常 have a good time have a word with与?谈话 have a rest休息一会 in a hurry匆忙地 in a word 总之 once in a while偶尔 take a walk 散步 come to an end 结束 all of a sudden 突然 make a living谋生 make a fire生火 make a fortune发财 a couple of 一对 a great deal of大量的 a lot of 许多 2、定冠词the:表特指,意为这(些)、那(些)。 1) 第二次提到,或双方都已知道的人或事物:

There is some water in the cup. The water is hot. Close the door, please.(已知) 2) 单数可数名词前,表示种类:

The telephone was invented by Bell. The early bird catches the worms.捷足先登 3) 世界上独一无二的事物,以及表示江河、海洋、山脉等地理名称:

the earth the Bible圣经 the Universe 宇宙 the Yangtze River长江

the sun the Lord 上帝 the Pacific Ocean太平洋 the Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠 4)限定意味较强的定语: the book you bought yesterday the history of China 5)用于具有鉴别意义的普通名词前,如: the planet Mercury水星 the play \剧本《李尔王》

6)其他用法:

①西洋乐器前,表示演奏某种乐器:play the violin (piano)

②某些形容词前,使其名词化,表示这一类人或事物:the poor, the true

③姓氏的复数形式和民族名称前,表示全家和整个民族:the Turners, the Chinese ④逢十的年份前,表示几十年代:in the 1980s

⑥某些计量单位的名词前:Apples are sold by the pound. 7)常见使用定冠词的固定搭配:

by the way 顺便说一句 in the future 未来 in the morning在上午 in the end 最终 in the meanwhile同时 in the sun在阳光下 on the average平均 on the alert警惕 on the contrary相反 on the right在右边 on the increase增长 on the spot 当场

play the fool 做傻事 keep the house居家不外出 in the dark 在暗处 at the cost of 以?为代价 3、零冠词

1)不可数名词表示泛指时:Without water man cannot live.

2)复数可数名词表示泛指时:Teachers generally like diligent students.

3)专有名词前一般用零冠词:China, Asia, Beijing University, Hyde Park(海德公园)

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4)其他用法: ①季节名称前:Summer is coming.

②法定节日前: National Day New Year's Day

③球类运动和棋类游戏前:play football, play chess(bridge)下棋(打桥牌) ④餐名前:When will lunch be ready? 5)零冠词固定短语:

at first at desk(table) 在办公(吃饭)at last on purpose故意 on foot徒步 in debt负债 in trouble陷入困境 at night at sea在海上 at home by accident偶然 in bed 卧床 by chance碰巧 in order of 以?的次序 go to school go to bed in common 相同的 in detail详细地 in hospital住院 in/ after class take place 发生 in return作为回敬 in sight of 看见 on fire在燃烧 make friends with keep in mind记在心里

三、代词

1、人称代词

主格 I you he,she,it we you they 宾格 me you him,her,it us you them

1.1排序一般为:第二人称,第三人称,第一人称:you,he and I;you,John and I 1.2 it 的用法

①代事物、动物、婴儿以及未知的人或事:Who is that? It's my friend. ②用于引出非人称句,表示天气、时间和距离等:It's cloudy today. ③形式代词:It is quite right that you did that.

④引导强调句:It was his father that made him a lawyer. 2、物主代词

形容词性 my your his,her,its our your their 名词性 mine yours his,hers,its ours yours theirs 2.1形容词性物主代词属限定词范围,注意避免人称和数的误用。 2.2名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语和表语。

Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. a friend of mine no fault of yours 3、反身代词

myself yourself himself,herself,itself ourselves yourselves themselves Take care of yourself. He was teaching himself English. The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor. 4、指示代词:this、that、these、those 4.1关于that的固定用法:

(1)Jack helped finish my work and that was kind of him.杰克帮助我完成了任务,他(那样做)真是太好了。 (2)He told me only part of the story and that was that. 他只跟我讲了这个故事的一部分,就那些。 4.2关于that 和those:

(1)It's a different kind of car from that (kind of car) (which) I'm used to.这种汽车和我所习惯的那种不同。

(2)The president and his wife were among those (who were) present at the ceremony.出席那个典礼有总统和他的夫人。

5、相互代词:each other(两者)和one another(两者以上)

(1)The two parties, the Democratic Party and the Republic Party often attack each other. (2)The boys in this class like to bully one another. 这个班上的男孩子喜欢互相打斗。

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6、不定代词

6.1 all和both

(1)前者表示两个以上;后者表示两个。 (2)都位于行为动词之前,be动词后: They all (both) agreed with me. They are all (both) quite wealthy. 6.2 no one和 none

(1)no one只用于指人,none可指人也可指物。None of后接的谓语可用复数也可用单数。 No one told us that he was there. I want some milk but there was none in the house. How many elephants did you see at the zoo? ----None.

None of them have (has) arrived yet. None of this money is mine. 7、some / any/ no/ every+(thing, one ,body?) 7.1 everyone和 every one

前者意思为\每个人\,与everybody同义,用于泛指,不可跟of短语; 后者意思是每个人或物,用于特指,可跟of短语。

everyone in the village 村子里所有的人(泛指) every one of the children 这些孩子中的每一个(特指) 7.2 anybody,everybody和\(each)+单数名词\

正式英语 Anybody can do it if he or she tries. 日常英语 if they try Everybody started waving his flag. their flags Everybody has arrived, hasn't he? haven't they ***Everything is all right,isn's it?

7.3 something, anything, nothing等被形容词修饰时,该形容词后置: nothing wrong 8、否定

1)部分否定:当all,both,each和every(body,thing)等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时,一般只表示部分否定。

All of the students did not turn up.不是所有的学生都出席。现代英语常用作:Not all of the students turned up. 2)全部否定:none, no one, neither,nobody,nothing 等对整体意义具有否定作用的代词或副词。 None of the students turned up.没有一个学生出席。 9、其他限定词 1) 常见修饰可数名词的限定词:(a) few, a couple of, both, many, many a, a great many, several, a number of

2) 常见修饰不可数名词的限定词:(a)little, much, a (large) amount of, a great deal of, a bit of 3)some/any/no any:非肯定句(否定、疑问、条件句) no:否定句 some:肯定句和含有肯定意味的场合,特殊如:

Can I have some coffee?请求或希望得到肯定回答时。

Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. 表示某一个= a certain

4) many/much many接可数名词复数,much接不可数名词,在肯定句中常和so和too连用 I have met (so)many people who share your view. (So) Much time has been wasted. **many a +单数可数名词相当于many+复数名词

She has been to Beijing many a time. (many times) Many an accident has happened here. 5)each/every

each用作名词或形容词,every用作形容词,后面必须跟名词。 \我们中的每个人\应为every one of us或each of us. 6)both/either

both为两者都?,后接复数动词,either为两者中任何一个,接单数动词。两者的否定形式为neither.

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