否定疑问式 Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Will he not (Won’t he) study….? 简单回答（肯定/否定） Yes, you will. No, you won’t. Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t. Yes, he will. No, he won’t. 例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。 You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。 The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？ He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。 注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心） Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺） You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺） The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证） I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿） Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。 I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。 She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？ He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。 2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。 I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。 注意：
1）will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。 be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过
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考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will. 谁能帮我一些吗？―？我来。（不能用be going to替换）
2）be going to 可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to + 动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。 In future you are not to go out alone. 将来你不许一个人出去。 The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。 Tomorrow is still to come. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。 They are about to get married. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。 三 形容词，副词
形容词的定义: 形容词表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态, 修饰名词或不定代词 二.形容词在句中的作用: 1.作定语:
a. He is a great writer.
b. This is an interesting book.
c. I have something important to tell you. 2.作表语:
a. The bridge is long and wide. b. It is getting warm.
3.作补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语): a. The news made her happy.
b. We found the text very difficult.
c. You should keep your classroom clean. d. The classroom should be kept clean.
4.作主语或宾语: the+adj表示某一类人或事物, 这种名词化的形容词起着名词的作用, 在句中可以作主语或宾语
a. We should respect the old and love the young. b. The new will replace the old.
c. The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.
5.作状语: 形容词作状语时, 多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况 a. Unhappy with the result, he returned to work. b. Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.
c. Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote.
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三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题:
1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等词; 表语形容词作定语时需后置
2.有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为定语形容词, 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年长的), former前任的, latter后者, front前面的, back后面的, outer外部的 四.形容词在句中的位置:
1.单个形容词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前; 两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况: ①.和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词 a. It is a touching English film.
①.音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的形容词在后 a. I have a small but beautiful room.
不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时, 按以下顺序进行排列:
限（限定词）观（表观点的描绘性词）形（形状大小长短等）龄（年龄新旧）色（颜色）国（国籍地区出处）材（材料）
2.单个形容词作定语时, 在下列情况之下, 形容词应放在被修饰的词之后 ①.形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anything等时应后置 a. Is there anything important in the article? b. There is something difficult in the lesson. c. There is nothing wrong in your homework. ①.形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置 a. The building is seventeen storeys high. b. He is ten years old.
c. The street is five hundred meters long.
①.用and / or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 起强调修饰语的作用
a. We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern. b. Every nation, big or small, has its rights.
c. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country. ①.有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置, 如: given, left, won, missed等 a. None of the answers given (被给的答案) were correct.
①.表语形容词作定语时需后置, 如: alive, present, possible等 a. He is the greatest writer alive.
b. He was the only person awake at the moment. 3.形容词短语作定语时, 需要后置 a. He is a worker worthy of praise. b. This is a problem difficult to solve. c. She is always ready to help others.
五.特殊的形容词: 有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词, 而不是副词, 这样的词如: friendly友好的, lovely可爱的, weekly每周的, orderly有秩序的, brotherly兄弟般的, lively活泼的, lonely孤独的, likely可能的, deadly致命的 副 词
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一.副词的种类:
1.一般副词主要分为以下几种:
①.时间副词, 如: often, always, early, now ①.地点副词, 如: here, there, above, outside ①.方式副词, 如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly ①.程度副词, 如: very, quite, much, still, almost
2.疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首), 如: how, when, where, why 3.关系副词(放在定语从句句首), 如: when, where, why
4.连接副词(放在名词从句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, whether
二.副词在句中的作用: 副词修饰动词, 形容词, 名词, 副词或全句, 在句中的作用如下 1.作状语:
a. You should always review your lessons.
b. The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students. c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work. 2.作表语:
a. He is abroad. b. The class is over.
c. The football match is on.
3.作定语: 副词作定语时置于被修饰词之后 a. This is her first day up.
b. The comrades here give us a lot of help. 4.作补语(包括宾语补足语和主语补足语):
a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night. 三.副词在句中的位置:
1.时间副词和地点副词的位置:
①.表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在句尾. 若句中同时有地点副词和时间副词, 地点副词通常在前, 时间副词在后 a. They went to the Summer Palace yesterday. b. We often goes there. c. I will go there tomorrow.
①.表示不确定时间的副词(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)的位置: 句子谓语是be时, 位于其后; 句子谓语是单个完全动词时, 位于其前; 句子谓语由不完全动词与完全动词一起组成时, 位于第一个不完全动词之后.
a. She always helps her mother with the housework. b. The old man seldom goes out.
c. He is always the first to come to class. d. They have already done their homework.
2.程度副词除enough之外, 一般放在被修饰词之前 a. The student is very careful with his work. b. He swims quite well.
c. The boy is old enough to go to school. 3.方式副词的位置:
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①.修饰不及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后 a. His sister sings well.
b. The baby is sleeping soundly.
①.修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后; 如果宾语较长, 也可放在动词和宾语之间 a. He speaks French fluently.
b. All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers.
4.及物动词和副词小品词(down, on, off, in, out, up)组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时, 该名词可放在副词之后或副词之前; 若有代词作宾语时, 则代词一定放在副词之前
a. He cut down the tree. =He cut the tree down. b. He cut it down.
5.修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat. 6.修饰全句的副词通常放在句首 a. Truly he is an honest man.
b. Still, in spite of what you say, I don’t think it is true.
7.作状语时,各类副词的排列顺序一般为: 方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词 a. He behaved well here yesterday. 形容词和副词的比较等级 一.原级:
1.原级的形式: 即原形 2.原级的用法:
①.表示被比较双方在某一方面相等或相同时, 用as + adj / adv + as结构, 表示“…和…一样”
a. Xiao Li is as tall as his sister.
b. It is as cold today as it was yesterday.
c. There are as many seats in this hall as in that hall.
①.表示被比较双方在某一方面不相等或不同时, 用not as / so + adj / adv + as, 表示“…和…不一样”
a. Xiao Li is not as / so tall as his brother. b. It is not so / as cold today as yesterday.
c. There are not so / as many seats in this hall as in that hall. 二.比较级和最高级:
1.比较级和最高级的形式: ℃.规则变化:
a.在单音节形容词后及少数以-er, -ow, -ble, -ple结尾的双音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-er, -est或-r, -st, 如: strong, young, clever, able, simple, narrow, hard, fast, slow等
b.在以-e结尾的单音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-r, -st, 如: brave, wide等
c.形容词以发短元音的元音字母+辅音字母结尾时, 双写辅音字母, 再加-er, -est,如: big, hot, thin等
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