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直接引语与间接引语
直接引语与间接引语
直接引语：用引号原封不动地把某人说的话引述下来 间接引语：不用引号转述某人说的话 四种不同类型
1. 陈述句以“that”引导； 例： “Ｉam a doctor.” he says. ?He says (that) he is a doctor. 2. 一般/反意/选择疑问句以“whether”或“if”引导:
例： “Have you finished your work?” he asked me. ?He asked me if /whether I had finished my work. “Do you like the red one or the blue one?” he asked me.
?He wondered whether I liked the red one or the blue one. (wonder=want to know) 3. 特殊疑问句以原疑问词引导； 例： “What are you doing?” he asked. ? He asked what I was doing. 4. 祈使句以不定式作复合宾语（宾语补足语）。
例： “Be careful!” he said to me. ? He told me to be careful.
“Don’t look out of the door.” mother said to him. ? Mother asked/told him not to look out of the door.
注意：
1． 由let开头的祈使句，变间接引语时，选用suggest+动名词或+that引导的宾语从句。
例：“Let's go skating for a while,”he said to me.
? He suggested our going skating for a while.? He suggested that we should go skating for a while. Our teacher said, “Let's go boating together.”
?Our teacher suggested going boating together. ?Our teacher suggested that we should go boating together.
2.“Would you like to?？”和“Would you please?？”表示的是请求，变为间接引语时，常用不定式形式。
例：“Would you like to help me with my lessons?” She asked me.?She asked me to help her with her lessons.
六个方面的变化:
人称 直接引语 根据实际情况改变 today/tonight yesterday tomorrow/ next day the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow ago now next year last night, yesterday evening that day/ night the day before the next /following day two days before in two days/ two days later before then the next /following year the night before, the evening before there that, those 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时 过去进行时 过去将来时 过去将来完成（进行）时 might , could , must , had to , should go, take 1
间接引语 时 间 状 语 地点状语 指示代词 here this, these 一般现在时 一般过去时/现在完成时/过去完成时 时 态 部分动词的变化
现在完成进行时/过去进行时 现在进行时 一般将来时 将来完成（进行）时 may , can , must , have to , shall come, bring 2
直接引语与间接引语
注意：
1. 如果在说话当地、当天转述，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。
2. 如果主句的谓语动词是各种现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变。
例：1.“May I use your pen, Lucy?” Jack asked. ? Jack asked Lucy if/whether he might use her pen.
2.“Will there be a test tomorrow?” she asked. ? She asked if/whether there would be a test the next／following day. 3.“I stay at home today. ”she said. ? She said (that) she stayed at home that day. 4.“I have stayed here since three years ago.” he said. ? He said (that) he had stayed there since three years before. 5.“I am doing my homework now.” Sally said. ? Sally said (that) she was doing her homework then. 6.“I came here last night.” he said. ? He said (that) he had gone there the night before. 7.“Will you bring these books to our class, Jack?” She asked. ? She asked Jack if/whether he would take those books to their class. 8．“Ben was selling tickets for the Christmas dance last week.” She asked.
? She asked (that) Ben had been selling tickets for the Christmas dance the week before. 特别注意：
1. 如果从句中有表示绝对过去时间的状语，则时态不变。 如：He told me he was born in 1936. 2. 表示客观真理或自然规律或格言时，间接引语的时态不用改变。
如：The teacher said to the pupils that the earth goes around the sun. The teacher said that the sound goes much more slowly than light.
My teacher said that failure is the mother of success. The scientist told the children that the moon travels around the earth.
3. 如果直接引语中的谓语动词含有无过去时形式的情态动词（如：must、ought to、had better、used to、等），
或已经是过去时的形式情态动词时，（如：could、should、would、might等），那么无论表示引语的动词为何种时态，间接引语的时态都不用改变。
如：“Must I really go away now. ”She asked me． →She asked me whether /if she really go away then .
They said at last, “We'd better start out at once.”→They said at last that they'd better start out at once.
4. 感叹句形式的直接引语在转变为间接引语时，如果仍用what\\how引导，那么语序不变。
如：The teacher told him,”what a clever boy you are!”
→The teacher told him what a clever boy he was.→The teacher told him he was a clever boy.
How beautiful the flowers are!”he said．→He said how beautiful the flowers were．→He said that the flowers were beautiful. 特例: They said Chinese is/was bigger than Japan. The teacher asked me which is/was the longest river in China.
错误辨析：
1． He said, \
误：He said if they didn't work hard they wouldn't be able to pass the exam. 正：He said that if they didn't work hard they wouldn't be able to pass the exam.
简析：陈述句变间接引语时，多用连接词that引导一个宾语从句，而且这个连词that常可以省略。但如遇if, when, where等引导状语从句时，that不宜省略，否则会与一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的间接引语混淆。
2． The mother said to the son, \
误：The mother said to the son never throw his things about. 正：The mother told the son never to throw his things about.
简析：祈使句由直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语的动词常由原来的say酌情改为tell, ask, order, advise, beg, warn等动词。否定形式的祈使句变为间接引语时，要将don't变为not to, never用never to。
3． He said, “I like swimming and I want to go swimming with you.”
误：He said he liked swimming and he wanted to go swimming with us. 正：He said he (that) he liked swimming and that he wanted to go swimming with us.
简析：当直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，变为间接引语时，第一个宾语从句前的that有时可省，但第二个宾语从句前的that不可省。
4.“One of your friends called you when you were out.”He said to his sister. 误：He told his sister that one of her friends called her when she was out.
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正：He told his sister that one of her friends had called her when she was out.
直接引语与间接引语
简析：
5．“What’s the matter with your finger？”the boy’s mother asked him.
误：The boy’s mother asked him what the matter was with his finger. 正：The boy’s mother asked him what’s the matter with his finger.
简析：因为从句的what是从句主语，is就是谓语,the matter with his finger是表语,根据从句要用称述语序，所以是what’s the matter with his finger.
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