2．英译汉中的分译法（Division in E-C Translation） 1）词的分译（Division of Words）
Examples a.
At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。 b. His announcement got a mixed reaction. 他的声明引起了反响，有好有坏。 c.
She inspected the table for dust with her finger. 她用手指抹抹桌子，看看是否有灰尘。 d. The town boasts a beautiful lake. 镇上有一个美丽的湖，人人以此为傲。 e.
I tried vainly to put the pieces together. 我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。
--Helen Keller: The Story of My Life
2）短语的分译（Division of Phrases）
Examples a.
The factory was already spreading fame for its products. 这个工厂产品质量优良，这一点已远近闻名。
b. He had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of his power.
他被剥夺了权利之后，他只好辞职，流落他乡。 c.
Being summer, the rivers were open and navigable. 夏天已到，河流开冻，可以通航。
3）并列句与复杂句的分译（Division of Compound & Complex Sentences）
Examples a.
Unfortunately, the want of the family had kept him from school and he seemed to feel the loss. 不幸的是，他因家境贫寒不能上学，他似乎痛切地感受到这种损失。
b. But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious
and uncomfortable about his habit.
同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。 c.
Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms. 物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子组成的。
d. Above the English lettering the words are repeated in the Chinese calligraphy of Premier Zhou, who wrote the
brief text.
在这些英文字的上方，是周总理亲笔书写的同样内容的汉字， 他拟定了这简短的铭文。
（更多例句参考第二篇4.2和4.4）
3. 课堂翻译实践（Translation Practice） 练习题4 （二）和（四）（Page 83-84）
四、课后作业（Assignment）
The key to success is not information. It’s people. And the kind of people I look for to fill top management spots are the eager beavers. These are the guys who try to do more than they’re expected to. They are always reaching. And reaching out to the people they work with, trying to help them do their jobs better. That’s the way they built.
参考译文：
成功的关键不在于信息而在于人。我要哪种人人最高的管理职位？我物色的都是干活特卖力的人，都是想办法超额完成任务的人。他们总是全力以赴。他们善于接触同事们，协助他们把事办好。这些人就是这样的。
第五讲 正译法与反译法（Affirmative & Negative Translation）
郑 洁
一、教学目标（Objectives）
Students are expected to:
? Be cognitive about differences in expressing negation in English and Chinese. ? Grasp the two translation skills theoretically and practically.
二、教学重点与难点（Focus）
? 英汉两种语言不同的否定表达形式 ? 英译汉中正译法与反译法的具体应用 ? 英译汉中特殊否定形式的处理 ? 英译汉中正译法与反译法的误区
三、教学内容及课时安排（Main Contents & Time Allotment） Section 1: 50 minutes
1．英语和汉语中否定的不同表达方式（Differences in Expressing Negation in English and Chinese）
1) Chinese expressions of negation are comparatively simpler in form and easier to recognize for almost all the negative expressions contained negative markers such as “不”、“无”、“非”、“莫”、“勿”、“未”、“否”、“别”、“没有”and so on.
2) English negation is much more complex. Besides negative words, there are a large number of negative affixes (such as dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-, -less), and various words with implied negative meanings (such as fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond, etc.), phrases (such as instead of, in place of, etc.) or some unique structures (such as more?than?, other than?, rather than?, etc.).
2．英译汉中的反译法（Negative Expressions in E-C Translation）
英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的，虽然形式是肯定的，但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词，或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义，即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”，这类词在译成汉语时，需要变成汉语的否定词组，必要时还需要作词类转换。
Examples a. b.
Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. I missed what you said because of the noise outside.
由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。 由于外面的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。
（更多例句参考第二篇7.7）
3．英译汉中的正译法（Affirmative Expressions in E-C Translation）
英语中明显使用not、no等否定词或否定前后缀的反说语句有时却是含有肯定的含义，在这种情况下，我们在译成汉语时，可以用肯定形式来表达。
Examples a. b.
Scientists have unlocked the secret of the atom.
科学家们已经揭开了原子的秘密。 归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。
（更多例句参考第二篇7.8）
The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.
4．英译汉中特殊否定形式的处理 1）双重否定（Double Negation）
Examples a. b. c.
There can be no sunshine without shadow. (Affirmative expression in Chinese)
We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. (Affirmative expression in Chinese)) There is no story without coincidence. (Negative expression in Chinese)
（更多例句参考第二篇7.5）
无巧不成书。
我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。
有阳光就有阴影。
2）部分否定（Partial Negation）
Examples a.
All that glitters is not gold. （= Not all that glitters is gold.）
闪光的不一定都是金子。 不是两种物质都溶于水。
（更多例句参考第二篇7.2）
b. Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
3）转移否定（Transferred Negation）
Examples a. b.
We don’t believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other languages in the world. 我们相信，祖国的语言并不亚于世界任何其他语言。 We do not live to eat, but eat to live.
我们活着不是为了吃饭，而吃饭是为了活着。
（更多例句参考第二篇7.6）
4）其他（Others）（参考第二篇7.9）
Section 2: 50 minutes
1．英译汉中正反译的部分误区（Some Traps in Negative Structures） 1) not ? because
Example
The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.
引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。
（更多例句参考第二篇7.6.4）
Note: Cautious! Not all sentences with “not…because” structure contain negation transfer. It depends on its context.
2) cannot?too （再?也不会过分的）
Example
A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it is good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.
一本书可以比作邻居；如果是好的，结识愈久愈好；如果是坏的，分手愈早愈好。（《中国翻译》1998年，第1期，第22页）
3) all/every?not
Examples a.
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的并非都是金子。 这里的工人并非人人都是劳模。
b. Every worker here is not a model laborer.
4) It be + adi. + n. + that? (再...也不会（也不能），无论?也不见得)
Examples a.
It is a wise father that knows his own child.
无论怎样聪明的父亲也不见得了解自己的孩子。 再胆大的老鼠也不会在猫耳朵里下崽。
（更多例句参考第二篇7.7.4）
b. It is a bold mouse that breeds in the cat’s ear.
2. 课堂翻译实践（Translation Practice） 练习题7（Page 110）
Directions：Have students explain why to translate like this by using the relevant theories.
四、课后作业（Assignment）
Make conversations by using the two translation skills at times and present them in the next class. The teacher is suggested to assign each group a certain part of the theory. It’s challenging yet deserves trying!
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