语义学资料(5)

语义学

they go together with. This is a matter of usage. E.g. when we say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke, but they are followed by different preposition—of, with and for. The word we use to describe food that has gone bad and is not fit for eating. Different adjectives are used for different kinds of food, e.g. rotten tomatoes, addled eggs, rancid bacon or butter, sour milk.

e.Semantically different synonyms—these are synonyms that differ slightly in what they

mean. For example, the two words amaze and astound are very close meaning to the word surprise, but have very subtle differences. While amaze suggests confusions and bewilderment, astound suggest difficulty in believing.

(2)Polysemy

While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many such words in English. The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.

e.g. hook n. 1. a piece of material, usually metal, curved or bent and used to suspend, catch, hold, or pull something. 2. short for fish-hook. 3. a trap or snare. 4. chiefly US something that attracts or is intended to be an attraction. 5. something resembling a hook in design or use. 6.

a sharp bend or angle in a geological formation esp. a river. 7. boxing, short blow with the elbow bent. 8. (in cricket or golf) type of stroke that hooks the ball （板球或高尔夫球）击出曲线球. 9. surfing. The top of a breaking wave. 10. curved tool for cutting (grain, etc) or for chopping (branches) 镰刀; （砍树枝用的）弯刀

distinction between homonymy and polysemy

both deal with multiple sense of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the sense are judged to be related. Polysemous senses are listed under the same lexical entry, while homonymous senses are given in separate entries.

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