英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

a) full of people AP

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

the argument against the proposals

e) move towards the window VP

V PP

P Det N move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

What will you e talk about e d) The apple might hit the man. S

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

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OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories. S

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP Present N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det A N

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

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b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

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OR

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

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