(5)过去完成时
基本用法与现在完成时相似，通俗地说，是“过去的过去”。
e.g. I had finished my homework before supper.
When we got there the basketball match had already started.
They had been married many years before a child was born to them.
(6)将来完成时
表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响，常和助动词shall, will连用。
e.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
If you come at seven o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.
(7)现在进行时
基本用法：表现在（即说话人的说话时刻，或包括说话时刻在内的一段时间中）正在进行的动作，可与now, at present, at this moment, these days等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。
e.g. What are you doing now, John?
The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please?
George is translating a book now.
Notes: 有些动词的现在进行时则表将来。e.g. He is dying. The fruit is ripening. I am finishing.
(8)过去进行时
基本用法：表过去某一时间（或某一段时间）正在进行的动作，也常和表过去的时间状语连用。
e.g. I was practicing the violin at eight o’clock yesterday evening.
When I called him, he was having dinner.
They were expecting you yesterday.（表示“一直在等”）
(9)将来进行时
基本用法：表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。这个时态一般不表意愿，常表已安排好之事，给人一中期待之感。它一般只表离现在较近的将来，与表将来的时间状语连用。
e.g. What will you be doing this time tomorrow？
You’ll be hearing from me.
（10）现在完成进行时
主要用法：表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，下列动词常用于这个时态：live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，常和下列时间状语连用：all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently, 以及since, for 引导的时间状语短语连用。
e.g. What have you been doing all this time?
I’ve been writing letters all this morning.
He is ill. He’s been lying in the bed for three weeks.
5、主语和谓语的一致
（牢记邻近原则）
e.g. He or I am in the wrong.
He or his brothers were to blame.
Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow.
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
Neither he nor they are mistaken.
6、it 的用法
(1)it用作引词（anticipatory）
·作形式主语，真实主语可为不定式，动名词，主语从句
e.g. It was his duty to attend to the matters.
It’s no use saying any more about what I think.
It seems that he is rich.
·作形式宾语，真实宾语可谓不定式，动名词，宾语从句
e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam.
You must find it exciting working here.
I think it best that you should stay here.
(2)it用于强调结构
结构：It is (was)＋被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）＋who(that)……
e.g. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.
It was my two sisters who knew her best.（保持时态一致）
It was yesterday I first noticed it.
7、倒装语序
(1)完全倒装（complete inversion），即将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来
e.g. With the development of typewriter came the most advanced typewriter, the multi-printer, which produces high quality printing.(主语较长而谓语较短)
The hammer is missing and so are the nails.(由neither, nor, so引出的句子)
From the classroom came the loud voice of the person who was making a speech.(作为地点状语的介词短语置于句首)
(2)部分倒装（partial inversion），将助动词（包括情态助动词）移至主语之前
e.g. Only on special occasions can you wear this black dress.（句首为only＋状语）
Not a single clue could the police find.(句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语：never, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, not until, no sooner…had, not only…but also, etc.)
Do what you will, you can’t change this situation.(某些让步状语从句)
Had it not been for the shortage of funds, the hotel could have been built.(省略了if的非真实条件句)
8、动词不定式
不定式不能在句中单独用作谓语，但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。
e.g. To see is to believe.
The important thing is to save lives.
She likes to play with the child.
It was a game to remember.
I stayed there to see what would happen.
I want you to be happy.
He was seen to enter the hall.
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