It is time we went to bed.
12、复合句
构成:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同处在于,从句须由一个关联词引导。
引导从句的关联词共有下列7类:
从属连词:if, because, although, as
疑问代词:who, which, whom, what, whose
疑问副词:when, where, how, why
关系代词:who, which, whom, whose, that
关系副词:when, where, why
缩合连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whichever
缩合连接副词:when, where, why, whether, if
(1)主语从句
e.g. That we shall be late is certain.
It is certain that we shall be late.(it 作形式主语)
(2)表语从句
e.g. The problem is who we can get to replace her.
His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.
(3)宾语从句
e.g. I understand that he is well-qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience.
(3)定语从句:一般放在它所修饰的名(代)词之后,即先行词(antecedent)
e.g. The tall man who is standing over there is my brother.
The dog which was lost has been found.
I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
Note: 非限制性定语从句,如缺少也不会影响全句的主要思想,前面一般有逗号。
e.g. Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
(4)同位语从句,先行词多为:fact, news, idea, thought, reply, report, remark等抽象名词,关联词多为连词that。
e.g. The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.
The hope that he may recover is faint.
(5)状语从句, 包括时间、原因、地点、结果、目的、条件状语从句等
e.g. When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
I’ll take my raincoat in case it rains.
三、英文翻译(英译汉)
1、词义的选择和引申技巧
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手:
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词)
He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。(动词)
Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词)
2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。
He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
词义引申是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,就会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,引伸时,往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。
1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,引伸转译。
The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。
2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。
The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一级火箭升得更高,把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球运行的轨道。
3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。
Every life has its roses and thorns .每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
2、词类转译技巧
在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺、自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way .
植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明。(名词转译)
As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。
2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。
The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.
我们居住的地球,形状象一个大球。(动词转译)
The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .
医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。(形容词转换)
3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.
使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。(作表语的名词转译)
The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .
太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。(副词转译)
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