§39 at/ to
Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标,而to 则仅表方向。如: ① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。
② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。 ③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。 ④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。
§40
be afraid of sb or sth/ be afraid of doing sth/
be afraid to do sth/ be afraid +that clause
Ⅰ. be afraid of sb or sth. “害怕某人或某事”如 ① The man is afraid of nothing.这个人什么都不怕。
② Jenny is afraid of her father, for he is very strict with her. 詹妮害怕她父亲,因为他对她要
求很严格。
Ⅱ. be afraid of doing sth. “害怕、担心某事(自己也无法左右的突发事情)发生”如: I am afraid of falling into the swimming pool.我担心掉进游泳池里去。 Ⅲ. be afraid to do sth. “害怕、不敢做某事”如:
① The bat was afraid to leave his home. 蝙蝠不敢离开家。 ② I am afraid to go out at night. 我害怕晚上出去。
Ⅳ. be afraid +that clause. “恐怕”表带歉意的回绝或告知不好的消息。that 常省去。如: I am afraid (that) I can’t do that today. 恐怕今天我不能做那件事。
Ⅴ. 在日常用语中,I am afraid 常表示歉意或客气,没有恐惧之意。往往相当于I am sorry , 引出不愿发生、可能使对方失望的情况。如: ① I am afraid I don’t agree with you. 恐怕我不会同意你的意见。 ② I am afraid (that) you are wrong. 恐怕你错了。
Ⅵ. 口语中,在 I am afraid 之后用so / not,可省去上文提到的内容。如: ①---Has he gone to Guangzhou? 他去广州了吗? ---I’m afraid so.
②---Are we on time? 我们迟到了吗? ---I’m afraid not. 可能没迟到。
§41 be angry/ get angry
Ⅰ. be / get angry “生某人的气”后面的介词要用with; “因某事而生气”后面的介词要用about / at; be / get angry 后接不定式,这时不定式动词大多为 see 和hear 其不定式同样表生气的原因。 如:
① Miss Liu was / got angry with Li Ping because he was late for school today. 刘老师生李平
的气是因为他今天迟到了。
② She was / got angry with my behaviour. 她对我的行为感到生气。 ③ What are you angry about ? 你生什么气?
④ My father was angry at what I said. 我爸对我说的很生气。
Ⅱ. get angry 强调变化,强调由不生气变为生气这一过程;be angry 强调状态,表明正在生气这一状态。
His mother got angry with him when he told her what he had done at school.当他告诉他母亲,他在校的行为时,她生气了。 [联想]:类似的有:
be / become interested in. “对……有兴趣” be / get married. “结婚” have / catch a cold “感冒”
be / fall ill “生病” be / fall asleep “入睡、睡着”
§42 be good at/ do well in
Ⅰ. be good at / in 意思接近于 do well in. “在(某方面)出色;擅长……”。be good at / in 强调一种笼统情况,而do well in 可表示一种情况,也可指在具体的一次活动中表现出色。
be good at 的反义词组为:be poor (weak) at (in). do well in 的反义词组为:do badly in. 如: ① Mary is good at / in maths. = Mary does well in maths. 玛丽数学很好(指情况)。= 玛丽数
学学得很好。
② Tom did well in (不宜用be good at.指具体一次)that English test / sports meeting.汤姆在那
次英语考试中(运动会中)考得很好(表现出色)。
③ Wu Dong does badly in his lessons. = Wu Dong is weak / poor / at / in his lessons.吴冬功课
不好。(指情况)
④ Mei Ying did badly in the high jump 梅英在跳高比赛中成绩不好。(具体一次,不宜替换。) ⑤ Mei Ying is weak / poor in / at high jump.梅英不善于跳高。(指笼统情况)
Ⅱ. do well 和do badly可单独使用,表一种情况;而be good / weak / poor 一定要借助于介词in 或at, 强调在某一个方面,才能表达一个完整的意思。如: He does well / badly at school. 他在学校里功课很好/很差。
§43 be made of / be made from
Ⅰ. be made of “由……制成/造”成品看得出原料。如: The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头制成的。
Ⅱ. be made from “由……制造/成”成品看不出原料。如; Paper is made from rags.纸是由破布做的。(已看不出原料)
§44 be pleased with/ at/ to
Ⅰ. be pleased with “对……人/物,感到满意”介词with后接人或物。 如:
① Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl. 马克和他妈妈都有喜欢这个女孩。 ② I wasn’t very pleased with / at my exam results. 我对自己的考试成绩不太满意。 Ⅱ. be pleased at “对……某事/物,感到满意”。介词at 常与事物搭配使用。 He was very pleased at the news.他对这个消息感到很满意。 Ⅲ. be pleased to “乐意……; 因……而高兴”。to 不是介词,而是小品词。后接动词原形。如:
① I shall be pleased to go. 我将乐意去。
② We are quite pleased to be working in this country. 能在这个国家工作,我们是十分高兴
的。
§45 be sure/ make sure
Ⅰ. be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况有把握,常译为:“确信”;make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚。如:
① I am sure that he is honest. 我相信他是诚实的。
② I have made sure that he is honest. 我已了解清楚他是诚实的。 Ⅱ. 二者后面均可接of 或about 引出的短语。如:
① I am sure of success = I am sure that I will succeed. 我深信会成功。
② Will you make sure of his return? = Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否
真的回来了。好吗?
Ⅲ. make sure 后面的that 从句一般不用或很少用将来时; be sure 后面的that从句则可用将来时。如:
① Make sure that you come here before five. 你一定要在5点前来。 ② I am sure that he will come. 我相信他一定会来的。 Ⅳ. 两者后面接不定式,均表示“一定要做某事”,但make sure 通常只用于祈使句;而be sure 则不受限制。如:
①Make sure ??to come to party on time. 一定要准时来参加晚会。
Be sure ?② He is sure to call you up. 他准会给你打电话的。
§46 be surprised/ in surprise
Ⅰ. be surprised 为“动词+形容词”结构,在句中作谓语,意为:“感到吃惊”. be surprised at 表“对……感到吃惊”
Ⅱ. in surprise为“介词+名词”结构。在句中作状语。意为:“吃惊地”。如:
① She was surprised. 她感到吃惊。
② Everybody was surprised at you. 大家都对你感到吃惊。
③ John turned round and looked at him in surprise. 约翰转过身去,吃惊地看着他。
§47 be used for/ be used as/ be used by
Ⅰ. be used for “(被)用来做……”,强调用途或作用。 Ⅱ. be used as “(被)作为……而用”,强调被当作工具或手段来用。 Ⅲ. be used by “被……使用”,by后跟人物,强调使用者。如: ① Keys are used for opening locks. 钥匙是用来开锁的。 ② “Swim” can be used as a noun. “Swim”可作名词用。
③ Recorders are often used by English teachers. 英语教师经常使用录音机。 ④ Wood can be used for making paper. 木材能用来造纸。
§48 both/ either / neither
三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的。可用作代词、形容词、连词。
Ⅰ. 作代词时:both “两者都”. either “两者中任何一个”. neither “两者中任何一个都不”。 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,可作同位语。而either 和 neither 则用单数形式,不可作同位语。如:
① Both of us are teachers. ② Either of you can do it.
③ Neither of the answerws is right. 两个答案都不对。 ④ They both skate well. 他们两人都会滑冰。
Ⅱ. 作形容词时:both 修饰名词的复数形式。Neither 和 either修饰名词的单数形式。如: ① Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长。
② You may use either pencil. 你可用这两支笔中的任何一支。 ③ Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。 Ⅲ. 作连词时: neither 与nor 连用,“既不……也不……”; either 和 or 连用:“或是……或是……” “要么……要么……”连接两个主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原则。而both 却与and 相连。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。如:
① Neither Jack nor I have seen the film. 杰克和我都没看过这影片。 ② Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错。
③ Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和麦克都擅长游泳。
§49 beat/ win
Ⅰ. beat “打赢”“战胜”。用于比赛时,后接宾语是战胜对手,表示“赢了某人”。如: ① Li Lei beat all the runners in the 100-metre race. 李磊在百米赛跑中赢了所有的对手。 ② We are sure to beat them.我们肯定会赢他们。 Ⅱ. win “赢得;获胜”, 用作及物动词,后接宾语是表示某种比赛的名词或战争,而不是参加比赛的对手。如:
① We won the basketball game. 我们赢得了篮球赛。 ② Who won the race? 谁赢得了赛跑?
§50 because/ because of
Ⅰ. because 是连词,后接句子, 是主句的直接原因,常用来回答由why 引导的特殊疑问句。如:
① Because he is ill, he is not here today. 因为他病了,所以今天没来。 ② --Why are you in a hurry?
--Because I want to catch the first bus.
Ⅱ.because of 是复合介词,后接名词或代词,相当于名词词组。如: He can’t come because of illness. 他生病了,所以没来。
§51 become/ get/ go/ grow/ turn
Ⅰ. 这几个词都可作连系动词表“变化的”,但用法有别:
become 比较正式,常用于书面语中,表示由一个状态向另一个状态的变化。通常用于过去完成的事,不表未来的事。如:
① I became a teacher three years ago.我是三年前当老师的。(由学生或其他职业变成老师) ② He has become a famous person. 他已成为名人了。
Ⅱ.get 多用于口语中,后常接形容词,表“变化”的过程,特别常接比较级形容词。如: ① The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。(含动作意识) ② Things are getting worse.情况变得更糟了。
Ⅲ.go 表示因某种原因而进入某种状态,说明“变”的结果。
① After he heard the news, his face went white. 听到这个消息,他的脸变白了。 ② The sky went cloudy. 天娈阴了。 Ⅳ.grow 表“渐渐地变”,强调逐渐变化的过程。 如:
① The smoke grew bigger and thicker. 烟变得越来越大,越来越浓了。 ② My younger brother is growing tall. 我弟弟渐渐长高了。 Ⅴ.turn 含有“变得和以前完全不同”之意,说明变的结果。 ① The trees turn green. 树变绿了。
② His love turned into hate. 他由爱生恨。
§52 before long/ long before
Ⅰ. before long. “不久”,“不久以后” Ⅱ. long before “很早以前”,“好久以前”如:
① I hope to see you again before long. 我希望不久以后再见到你。 ② We finished our work long before. 我们早就把工作做完了
§53 begin/ start
Ⅰ. begin “开始”,是很普通的用语,指开始某一行动或进程,与end 相对。如: ① It’s time to begin work. 是开始工作的时候了。
② She began to work in the factory at the age of fifteen. 她十五岁开始在工厂里工作。 ③ The meeting will begin at eight o’clock. 会议将于八点钟开始。 Ⅱ. start “开始”,往往与begin通用,但它着重于开始或着手这一点,与stop 相对。如: ① When did you start work? 你什么时候开始工作的? ② He started to study English. 他开始学英语。 ③ The child started crying. 小孩哭起来了。 [注]:表示“动身;启程;开动(机器)”等。如:
①I think we ought to start at 8. 我认为我们应该8点出发。
另外commence是三词中最正式的,其后接动词时只能接动词的-ing形式。如:
②The Prime Minister commenced speaking 25 minutes ago. 首相是25分钟前开始发言的。
§54 forget to do / forget doing
to do sth 表示“忘记去做某事(Ⅰ. forget??
sth 表示“忘记曾经做过某事(指事已做)?doing指事未做)如:
① I forgot to tell him about it.我忘了把事告诉他。
② I forgot telling him about it. 我忘了,我曾把这事告诉过他。 [注意]:类似的还有: ①
?doing sth. \试着做某事,尝试\ 强调用某种方法?try? 试验一下, 指效果。?to do sth. “努力做某事” 强调作出的努力。?如:
1. Let’s try knocking at the back door..让我们敲敲后门试试看。 2. We will try to go home tomorrow. 明天我们争取回家。
sth. \记得做过某事\?doing? \ 记得要做某事 \ regret doing sth/to do sth 与此亦同。 ② remember?to do sth.③ go on
?doing sth. “继续做(同一件)某事” ?to do sth. “接着做(另一件)某事”?④ need
want doing sth / to do sth. 与此相同。
?doing sth. “必须(需要)做某事”。表被动意义。 ? “必须(需要)做某事”。 表主动意义。?to do sth.§55 besides/ but/ except/ beside/ except for/
Ⅰ.besides “除了……还有”指的是“已有……另加上”而except 和but “除了……之
没有……”,正好相反。如:
① I don’t care for anything besides this.除此之外,我别无所爱。
② What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV? 除了看
报和看电视之外,你今天上午还做了些什么。
Ⅱ.beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。如:
① They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river.他们习惯于在河边的小路上
散步。
Ⅲ. but 作介词用时:“除……之外没有……”与except同意。但它着重在整体,且常用在no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及who, whose等词之后。后常接“名词、代词或不定式,接不定式时,如果其前含有实义动词 do (除作助动词用外)的各种形式,则用动词原形(省略“to”)。如: ① He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。(前有does,故用动词原形laugh.) ② Nobody was late but you. 除你之外,没有人迟到。 Ⅳ.except 语气比but强且明显。着重在除去的部分。如:
① I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外,我喜欢所有的水果。
② The dress is quite nice except for the color. 除了颜色外,这件衣服很漂亮。
Ⅴ.except for “除了……以外”其中for 表示理由或细节,对句子含义起修饰作用。有时可与except 互换。如:
① Betty worked out all the problems except for / except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外,其
它的问题贝蒂都解决了。
② Except for Sunday, all of us go to school every day. 除了周日外,我们每天都上学。(此处
不用except).
§56 give a message/ leave a message / take a message.
Ⅰ. Leave a message.“留下个信儿”打电话的人常用。后与介词for 搭配。构成 leave a message for sb.
Ⅱ. take a message “捎个信儿”接电话的人常用.后与介词for 搭配。构成:take a message for sb.
Ⅲ. give a message “给某人个信儿”后与to 搭配,构成: give a message to sb. = give sb a message.如:
① Can I take a message for him? 我能给他捎个信吗?
② Can you leave a message for her? 你能给她留个口信吗? ③ I will give a message to her. 我将给她个信儿。
§57 big/ large/ great/ huge
Ⅰ. big 和large 所修饰的一般是具体的事物。
big 侧重于表示一个物体的块头、重量,含有庞大、笨重的意思,其反义词是little;
large 侧重表示一个物体的宽度和数量,有广阔和众多的含义,其反义词是small。 在现代口语中两者常可互换,big 较口语化,large比较正式。如: ① This is a big / large room. 这是一个大房间。 ② This coat is too big for her. 这上衣对她来说太大了。 ③ China is a large country. 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家。 Ⅱ. big 还可作“长大了的”解,而large没有这个意思。如:
① She is big enough to ride a bike. 她长大了,足可以骑自行车了。 Ⅲ. great 常表示“伟大的”,可修饰抽象名词,也可修饰具体的人或物,带有一定的感情色彩。有时可能表达说话人的喜悦、赞扬等感情。如:
① We are going to visit the People’s Great Hall. 我们打算去参观人民大会堂。
相关推荐: