② Einstein was a great scientist. 爱因斯坦是位伟大的科学家。
③ --How do you like my coat? --Great! 你觉得我这件外衣怎样? 好极了。 Ⅳ. huge “巨大的;极大的”,修饰具体事物,指规格数额超常。如: ① How did they carry such huge stones? 他们是如何搬运这些巨石的? ② The Great Hall of the People is a
高大的(人民大会堂是座???big ??largebuilding.
指形状高大)建筑物。
?巨大的(指容纳人多)§58 boat/ ship
Ⅰ. boat “船、艇,”是普通用语。主要指用浆、篙、帆或引擎的小船、小艇,但有时也指大轮船。如:
① We crossed the river by boat. 我们乘船过河。
② They pulled the boat up on to the shore. 他们把这条船拖上了岸。(指小船) ③ When does the boat leave for Shanghai?(指轮船) Ⅱ. ship “船、舰,”多指大的航海船只。如: ① The ship is at sea. 船厂在航海。
② They went to Guangahou by ship. 他们乘船去广州。
§59 borrow/ lend /keep
Ⅰ. borrow “借”指从别人那里借来东西(借入)。指“向某人或某处借某事”时,用搭配: Borrow sth from sb / sw.如:
① Can I borrow your pen? 可以借用一下的笔吗?
② Do you often borrow books from the library? 你经常从图书馆借书吗? Ⅱ. lend “借”指把东西供给别人(借出)。指“把某物借给某人”时用:lend sth to sb. 如: ① Can you lend me your pen? 把钢笔供给我好吗?
② You mustn’t lend it to others.你一定不要把它供给别人。 Ⅲ. keep 表“借多长时间”, 时延续性动词。可用于完成时态。而borrow 和 lend 是短暂性动词。则不能用于完成时态,或与表段时间的状语连用。如: ① He has kept the books for two weeks.他借这书两天了。 ② ---How long can I keep the book? ---Two weeks.
§60 both/ each
Ⅰ. both “两个都” 而each则强调“各个”如:
① Both of us won a prize. 我们两人共同赢得了一个奖。 ② Each of us won a prize. 我们每个人都赢得了奖。 Ⅱ. both 用作句子主语时,谓语总是复数,如: ① Both these books are mine.
而each常用单数。但在下列情况下用复数,即它在复数名词或代词之后。如: ①They each have beautiful stamps.
§61 bring/ take/ fetch/ get/ carry
都有“拿”的意思,但用法差别很大,切勿混同。
Ⅰ.bring“拿来、带来”强调从别处带某人或某物来到说话人所在地。如: The teacher asked the students to bring their dictionaries to the class.
Ⅱ.take“拿走、带走”强调人或事物离开说话人所在地,与bring的关系相当于go与come的相对关系。如:
May I take this magazine home?
Ⅲ.fetch“去取来、去拿来” 指去取了东西又回来这一往返过程,相当于go and bring,但不同于bring,如:
Please fetch me some chalk.
get与fetch意思相似,多用于口语。如: Go and get/fetch some water.
Ⅳ.carry“携带、搬运”强调某物从甲地移至乙地,带有物体随身移动但无固定方向。如: ① He carried the box upstairs.
另外空气、水、电携带物也用carry.如:
① The boat was carried by ocean currents to a small island.这船被大洋的水流飘至一小岛。
§62 but/ however
Ⅰ. 都有“然而,但是”的意思。However 比较正式,可以放在句首、句中或句尾;其前面或后面要加逗号隔开,如在句中,其前后都要加逗号,不能与but 连用;而but只放在句首。如: ① I’d like to go swimming with you, but I have to tidy the garden now. 我很想和你去游
泳,但是我现在必须整理花园。 ② It’s raining hard, however, they’re still working in the field. 雨下得很大,然而他们仍然
在地里干活。
③ Later, however, she decided to buy it. 可是后来她决定去买下它。 ④ He said it was so, he was mistaken, however.
§63 by/ at/ the end of ; in/to/ on the end
Ⅰ. by the end of “在……末以前”“到……末为止”后一般接时间名词。如年、月、周等。也可接表活动的名词,如strike. Ⅱ. at the end of “在……的尽头”,“在……的末端”如: ① At the end of the book there is an index. 书后附有索引。
② We shall have an exam at the end of the month. 本月末我们将有次考试。 Ⅲ. in the end “最终;终于”,后不接of 短语。如:
I hope everything will turn out all right in the end. 我希望最终一切都顺利。
§64 can/ be able to
Ⅰ. can “能”表过去或现在“能力所及”时,与be able to 通用。如: ① He can / is able to speak German. 他会说德语。
② He could / was able to run very fast when I was a boy. 我小时候就跑得很快。
Ⅱ. be able to 的过去时还可表一种“经过努力做到了”的意思。而can的过去时则没有这种意义。如:
He started late, but he was able to catch the eight o’clock train. 他出发晚了,但他还是赶上了八点钟的火车。
Ⅲ.can 通常只用于上述两种时态,而be able to 则可用于各种时态。如:
He has not been able to come since he got hurt. 自从受伤以后,他就一直未能前来。 Ⅳ. 在表猜测时,只能用can,而不能用be able to ,如: That can’t be your bag. 那不可能是你的书包。
§65 can/ may
Ⅰ.can的意思是能、会;可能。在正式用语中can通常是指能力而言。它也可以表示可能性。在非正式用语和口语中can经常用以表示“允许”的意思,特别在疑问句和否定句中。如: ① Can you swim across the Yangzi River? 你能横渡扬子江吗? ② He can speak English. 他会说英语。
③ I can’t come at that time. 我不能在那个时候来。 ④ Can the news be true? 这消息会是真的吗? ⑤ -----Can’t I go? 我可不可以走?
-----You cannot! 你不可以走。
Ⅱ.may的意思是可以、可能,在正式用语中它通常是指可能性或允许而言。如: ① That may or may not be ture. 那可能是真的,也可能不是真的。 ② He may be right. 他可能是对的。
③ You may take this book, I don’t need it. 你可以拿走这本书,我不需要了。 ④ May I go now? 我现在可以走了吗?
§66 care (about) / take care of/ care for
Ⅰ.take care of“照料=look after,即指喂饭照看等。如: ① Nurses take care of patients in hospital. [注]:它还可表所负的责任,如:
① Mr Savage takes care of marketing and publicity. 萨维奇先生负责销售和宣传。 Ⅱ.care about表你是否认为某件事是重要的,某件事是否引起了你的兴趣或使你忧虑,常用于疑问句或否定句中,后接从句时,about一般都要省略。如:
I don’t care whether it rains, I’m happy. 我才不在乎下不下雨呢,我快活着呢。 Ⅲ.care for 有以下几种意思 1)“照料”(特别是多用在正式的或较文的文体中)如:
She spent the best years of her life caring for her sick father. 她把一生中最好的岁月都用来照料她那有病的父亲了。 2)“关怀”“关心”如:care for the younger generation 关怀年轻的一代 3)“喜欢、愿意”(多用在疑问句或否定句中)[care for sb. to do sth.] 如: ① Would you care for a cup of tea? 你喜欢喝一杯茶吗?
② I don’t/shouldn’t care for him to read this letter. 我不愿让他看这封信
§67 cause/ reason
Ⅰ.cause表示“原因、缘故、理由”等意思时,着重指产生某种结果的原因。如: ① The cause of the fire was carelessness. 起火的原因是不小心。 ② What was the cause of it? 发生这事是原因何在?
③ There’s no cause for anxiety. 没有理由要焦虑(不必焦虑)。 Ⅱ.reason的意思是“理由、原因、缘故”,着重指产生某种行为或想法的理由。如: ① I have no reason for it. 我没有理由这样做。
Give your reason for changing the plan. 把你改变计划的理由讲一下。
§68 close/ near/ nearby/ next to
Ⅰ. close “接近的,靠近”;还有“亲密的,密切的”含义,用法与near 类似,可指距离上、时间上或次序上紧接。也可用于引申含义,表关系或感情上的“亲近的”,可用作形容词或副词。如:
① Mother’s Day is close (=near) . 母亲节快到了。
② They are sitting quite close(=near) to each other. 他们坐得很靠近。 ③ She and I are close friends.她和我是亲密的朋友。
[注]:near 当作形容词时,与close含义和用法相同,表距离近,都用be near / close to +地点。 但close 只能作形容词,而near 还可作介词使用,此时near不可再与to搭配。如: ①I live near (=close to) the factory.
Ⅱ. nearby 主要指空间上的附近,一般指较大范围。可用作形容词、副词或介词。如: ① They live in the nearby village. 他们住在附近的村庄。
② There was a traffic accident nearby. 在附近发生了一起车祸。 Ⅲ. next to 意思是“与……相邻,紧靠着”与be close to 很接近,但next to 强调距离上“紧邻”。
① Our school is next to a supermarket. 我们学校紧挨着一家超市。 ② Our school is close to a supermarket. 我们学校距离一家超市很近。
§69 complete/ finish
Ⅰ.complete用作动词表示完成的意思时,是指把已开始但尚未完成的事情完成。如: ① He has completed his task. 他已完成他的工作。 ② The railway is not completed yet. 铁路尚未完工。 Ⅱ.finish的意思是“完成、结束”,着重指圆满结束已着手的事情,尤指完成精心之作的最后一步。如:
① Have you finished your work yet? 你的工作做完了没有? ② I finished reading the book last night. 我昨晚看完了这本书。 ③ The picture is finished. 这幅画画好了。
§70 cost/ spend/ pay/ take
Ⅰ.cost 指某东西“值……钱”; “需要花费……钱/ 精力”等,它的主语一般为表示东西的名词,不能为表示人的名词,作及物动词和名词。可接双宾语,无被动语态。如: ① I’ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars.我敢说那件衣服得花1000美元。
② ③
The chair cost me thirty yuan.这把椅子花了我30元。
The building of the dam cost many lives. 修建这个水坝使许多人丧生。(使花(某种代价);使损失) ④ Bad driving may cost you your life.开车技术不行可能使你丢掉性命。 ⑤ 作名词时意为“花费;成本”→The cost of the house was too high for me.这房子的价
钱太高,我买不起。 [常用搭配]:
① at all costs 不惜一切代价,—→The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the
town at all costs. 军官对士兵们说要不惜一切代价保卫这座城市。 ② at the cost of 以……为代价。
→1). He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作,但失去了健康。 →2). She saved him from fire, but at the cost of her own life. 她从火中把他救出,但她自己却牺牲了。
③ cost of living 生活费用。
—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down. 生活费用越上涨,我的生活水准越降低。
Ⅱ.spend 的主语经常是人 , 用来表示人花钱买东西或花时间做某事,
人 ? spend ? 时间/金钱?on sth.常用的句型有:?? ?时间/金钱?(in)doing sth.?人?spend 如:
① I spend 5 yuan on the book.我买这书花五元钱。
② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog.那个男孩花了10分钟画一只狗。 Ⅲ.pay “支付,花费”,主语只能是人 且只用于花费金钱,其结构是: pay + sb + some money + for sth. “为……付给某人多少钱” 其中的人、钱、事,可以根据具体情况取舍。如: ① I paid (him)5 yuan. 我付(给他)5元钱。
② I paid him 5 yuan for the book. 我买那本书付给了他五元钱。 ③ I paid him for the book. 我买那本书付给了他钱。 ④ I paid for the book. 我付了那本书的钱。 Ⅳ.take 也可表“花费时间和金钱”,(一般只指花费时间) 其常用结构为:It +take(各种时态)+time/money+to do sth. 如 It took me three hours to finish the work.
§71 wish/ want/ hope/ expect
Ⅰ. wish 语气不如desire 强,且可以表示一种不能实现的愿望,(从句动词有虚拟语气形式);后接“不定式”或“代词/名词+不定式”结构。所表示的“希望”大体是可以实现的;此外,还可以接双宾语,表“祝愿”或表委婉的语气。如:
① I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day. 但愿有一天我能坐宇宙飞船飞向月
球。
② I wish I were you.但愿我是你就好了。
③ We wish to visit Yanan. 我希望能参观延安。 ④ We wish you to be happy. 我希望你幸福。 ⑤ I wish you a long life. 祝你长寿。 ⑥ I wish you success. 祝你成功。
① We can begin to work at once now if you wish(不及物动词)要是你愿意,我们现在可以
立刻开始工作。
Ⅱ. want “想”其搭配关系为:want to do sth. Or want sb to do sth. 比较口语化,没有wish那样正式。如:
⑦ She wants me to do with her.
Ⅲ. hope 表对愿望的实现抱有一定的信心。后接“不定式;that 从句。”但不能接 双宾语。 ① I hope to be a doctor. 我希望当一名医生。 I hope she will be well again. 我希望她会痊愈。
Ⅳ. .expect “期待、盼望、预料”等,指对某一特定的事件的发生抱有颇大的信心。如: We are expecting a letter from her. 我们当时正期待着她的来信。
§72 desk/ table
Ⅰ. Desk “课桌、书桌、写字台”指读书、写字或办公用的桌子。如:
There are fifty desks in the classroom. 教室里有50张课桌。 Ⅱ. table “桌子、台”,指供吃饭、游戏、工作或安放其他各种东西的桌子或台子。它的广义包括desk在内。如:
We all sat at the same table. 我们同桌吃饭。
§73 develop/ developing/ developed
Ⅰ.develop既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,意为“发展”,“开发”。如: The child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。
Ⅱ.developing为现在分词,起形容词的作用,表示主动意义,意思是“发展中的”。如: ① China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
Ⅲ.developed为过去分词,起形容词作用,表示被动含意,意思是“发达的”。如: Japan ia a developed country. 日本是一个发达国家。
§74 die/ dead/ death
Ⅰ.die 是不及物动词,一般指因生病,负伤等原因而死。且是非延续性动词(瞬间动词),不能和表示一段时间的状语(for+段时间短语;或since……)连用。如: ① He was born in 1847 and died in 1913. 他生于1847年,死于1913年。
② His grandfather has been dead for two years. = His grandfather died two years ago. 他爷爷
去世两年了。
③ He died ten years ago.他是10年前死的。(不可说:He has died for ten years. 或应说:It is
10 years since he died)
Ⅱ.dead 是形容词,表状态,可在句中作表语和定语。但不可作谓语。如:
① He is dead, but his name sill live for ever in our hearts.他虽然死了但他的名字将永远活在
我们心中。
② It doesn’t look like a dead fox.看来不像一只死狐狸。 Ⅲ.death是抽象名词,只能在句中作主语或宾语。如:
① The murderer was sentenced to death. 杀人犯被宣判死刑。
② I heard of his death when I got to his house. 我一到他家就得知他已经去世了。
[注]:①die /dye 此两词本来意义是完全不同的(die “死” dye “染,染上”),只时二者的现在分词形式常易混淆。die—→dying dye—→dyeing
② die for / die from / die of/die away/die down/ die off/ die out 1. die for 表“为某一目的、事业等而死”;“渴望、极想”。
1).To die for the people is a glorious death.. 为人民而死,虽死犹荣。 2).I’m dying for a cup of coffee. 我很想喝杯咖啡。 2. die from. 表“死于(创伤、劳累、忧愁等)”。(除疾病或情感以外的原因)。如: 1).He died from a wound. 他死于创伤。
2).She died from overwork. 她过度操劳而死。 3. die of 表“死于(疾病、情感、饥饿、年老等)”。 1).The old man died of cancer.那老人患癌症死的。
2).His father died of starvation in Germany. 他的父亲饿死在德国。
3). The old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s deth. 那位老太太在失去丈夫后不
久就因悲伤而死。
4. die away “消失;停息”如:
1).The sound of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的响声在远处消失了。 2).The wind has died away. 风已经停息。 5. die down 指灯火等慢慢地“熄灭”;指骚动等渐渐地“平息下来”如: 1).They waited till the storm died down. 他们一直等到风暴停息。 2).The fire died down. 火慢慢地熄灭了。
3).The fighting has died down. 战斗渐渐停止。
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