2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题
(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)
一、ⅠReadingComprehension 二、Passage1
Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnaturaltomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceusthatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insoberfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatterfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybroughtintoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalheredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,theveryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobeprimarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,thenormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear
t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totakeonallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalking.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman.
Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasocietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthereiseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustascertainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsystemofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmentintowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhisnewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelyatvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatvariesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil
ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfromsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-continuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnonethelessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walkingisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,\n.
(1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,\\A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage \B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse \C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage \D.notsomuchwithlanguage A.√ B. C. D.
解析：细节推理题。Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及\行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能\，而语言则不是。选项A与文中的意思最接近。故答案为A。
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(2).Therealdifferencebetweentheabilitytowalkandtheabilitytotalkisthat______. \A.theformerislikebreathingwhilethelatterisnot
\B.theformerdoesnotrequiresocialinteractionwhilethelatterdoes \C.theformerrequiresmuscularmovementwhilethelatterdoesnot \D.notsomuchwithlanguage A. B.√ C. D.
解析：事实细节题。文章第二段
\certainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsystemofaparticularsociety.\中指出：即使与社会隔绝，也完全有理由相信他会学会走路，如果他真的能活下来的话。但是，同样可以肯定的是，他永远也不会学会说话，也就是说，根据一个特定社会的传统体系来交流思想。由此可知，行走能力和语言能力的真正区别在于行走能力不需要社会交往，但语言需要。选项B与文章信息一致。故答案为B。
(3).WhichofthefollowingisNOTanideaoftheauthor?
\A.Languageisbiologicallyprogrammedbuthastobeacquiredlateron. \B.Onlywhenachildgrowsupinacommunitycanhelearntotalk. \C.Languageinteractionisawaytoimpartculture.
\D.Formaleducationisnecessaryforthelearningoflanguage. A. B. C. D.√
解析：信息判断题。第二段第二句提及：个人注定要说话，但这完全是因为他出生在一个确定的社会圈内，这个圈子使他浸淫在传统文化中。选项A提及语言是生物程序，但需后天获取，符合文意，排除；选项B与第二段第三句信息一致，排除；选项C中信息与文中
\lgroup\信息一致，排除；选项D说语言学习需要正规教育，文中并未提及，故答案为D。
(4).Whentheauthorsaysthevariabilityofwalking\\A.anypersonwhowalkswouldnothaveapurpose \B.inallculturespeoplewalkaimlessly \C.culturedoesaffectthewayspeoplewalk
\D.purposeinwalkingvarieswithone'sability A. B.√ C. D.
解析：信息推断题。文章第二段提及：将新生个体从他所处的社会环境中移走，将他移植到一个完全陌生的环境中。他将在新环境中发展走路的艺术，就像他在旧环境中发展它一样。但他的语言将与他原先所处的环境完全不同。因此，行走是人类的一种普遍活动，它只在我们从一个人到另一个人的有限范围内变化。它的变异性是无意识的，没有目的性，由此可知，在所有的文化中行走都是无目的性的。故答案为B。
(5).Theauthorwrotethispassageinorderto______. \A.argueforapoint
\B.provideinformation
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\C.narratealegend
\D.debatewithhisrivals A.√ B. C. D.
解析：主旨大意题。作者在文章开头提及习得语言的过程完全不同于学习行走的过程，之后进一步指出行走是一种有机的、本能的功能；而言语是一种非本能的、后天习得的\文化\功能。由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的在于论述行走和言语的不同之处，强调言语是在社会交流中习得的，选项A符合文意。故答案为A。
三、Passage2(总题数：5，分数：5.00)
TheobserverdoesnothavetolookfartodiscoverthatWesternsocietyisyouthorientedandyouthworshiping.Thephenomenonshowsitselfinmanyways.First,adultsdoalltheycantobeyouthfulandtoremainyoungbecauseoldageisfearedandyouthfulnessadmired.Beautyandcosmeticindustrieshavemadebillionsofdollarsbyencouragingthisemulationofagelessness.
Second,muchofwhatparentsdoisfortheiryoung.Thousandsofparentsmakedailysacrificesfortheirchildren.Thenumerousbenefitsheapeduponchildrenareevident.Manymotherssay.\givemylifeformychildren.\emtobeproofpositivethattoday'sadultscareabouttheiryoungpeople.
Third,mostadultssaythatthemajorityofyouthtodayare\canbefairlywellsubstantiated.Moststudiesthatfocusonnormaladolescentsagreethatthemajorityarenotproblems,notinturmoil,notdeeplydisturbed,notatthemercyoftheirimpulses,notresistanttoparentalvalues,notpoliticallyactive,andnotrebellious.InarecentGalluppoll,97percentofteenssaidtheygotalongwiththeirparentseitherverywellorfairlywell.Only3percentsaidtheydidnotgetalongatallwell.Sometimes,parentscarryapositiveviewoftheirteenagerstoanover-idealizedextreme.Theyrefusetobelievetheirchildrenareeveratfaultorevercapableofdoingwrong,andtheytendtoattackanyMend,teacher,ortownofficialwhotriestotellthemotherwise.Despitethisover-idealizationmostyouthsarenotproblems-tothemselvesortotheircommunities.Misconceptionsareformedbyfocusingonlyonthedrug-addicted,delinquent,anddisturbedorontheso
cialrebelswhoareinfactaminority.
Finally,althoughmostyouthstodayarenotactivistrebelslikethoseofthelate1960sandearly1970s,youthfulidealismisstillmuchinevidence.Adolescentsaremuchconcernedaboutissuessuchasjuvenilecrime,drugabuse,theenergycrises,unemployment,women'sliberation,materialismandindifferenceinsociety,pollution,andtheenvironment.Theyalsoshowgenuineconcernfortheunderdog,indicatedbytheirfrequentpoliticalalliancewithblacksorthepoor.Theywillgivegenerouslyandworkhardtohelpthestarvingoverseasorwillcometothedefenseofconvictedcriminalsiftheyfeeltheircauseisjust.Clergyandothercaringadultsapplaudyouthswhojointhe\nerationtofindmoremeaningfulrelationshipsthanthosebetweentheirparentsathomeorbetweenbusinesselementsinahighlycompetitivesociety.Theseadultsemphasizethatparentsoughtnottobecriticaloftheiryoungforhatingcorruption,injustice,orsuperficialvalues.Althoughtheyarealittleawedbyy
outhswhowillworkformonthstokeepawildernessareafrombeingruinedbydevelopers,value-orientedadultstellparentstoadmiretheiryoungandadmitthattheiractivitiesaremoreworthwhilethanswallowinggoldfishorseeinghowmanykidscancrowdthemselvesintoatelephonebooth.
(1).By\___.
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