课时达标(三十二)
建议时间/35分钟 (见学用课时P75)
Ⅰ 阅读理解
A
课标话题 词 数 人与社会·科技发展与信息技术创新 263 体裁 难度 说明文
Traditionally, robots have been hard, made of metal and other rigid material. But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US has managed to build an entirely soft robot—one that draws inspiration from an octopus(章鱼)．
Described in science journal Nature, the “Octobot” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search，rescue and exploration. “The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots，” the study's authors wrote.
Robots built for precise, repetitive movements in a controlled environment don't do so well on rough terrains(地形) or in unpredictable conditions. And they aren't especially safe around humans, because they're made out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users.
So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades. They've taken inspiration from nature, looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches, which are often made up of more flexible matter.
But creating a completely soft robot remains a challenge. Even if engineers build a silicone(硅酮) body, it's still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power.
“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as searchandrescue operations and exploration，” Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technology's Center for MicroBioRobotics, wrote in a comment. “Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and quality of life.”
语篇导读 科学家受到章鱼的启发，制造了软体机器人，本文介绍了这种机器人的研发
过程、用处及局限等。
1．What's the special feature of “Octobot”？ A．It's soft. C．It's very small.
B．It's made of metal. D．It looks like an octopus.
解析 A 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，“Octobot”是一种可以用作软体机器人基础部件的微型系统，据此可知，“Octobot”的特点是柔软，故选A项。
2．What's the disadvantage of traditional robots? A．They're hard to control. B．They're too heavy to move. C．They can't predict conditions. D．They can't behave well all the time.
解析 D 推理判断题。根据第三段可知，传统机器人无法在崎岖的地形上很好地运行，它们还可能对人造成伤害；据此可推知，传统机器人并非总是运行良好，故选D项。
3．One of the biggest challenges is to build Octobot's ________. A．silicone body C．precise movements
B．complex components D．flexible power source
解析 D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句可知，制造柔韧性强的关键部件仍然面临巨大的挑战，如提供动力的部件，故选D项。
4．What's the possible application of “Octobot”？ A．Medical research. C．Machine operation.
B．Life rescue. D．House cleaning.
解析 B 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，尽管软体机器人开发还处于早期阶段，但它极可能应用于诸如搜索救援和探险等活动，故选B项。
B 课标话题 词 数 人与社会·科技发展与信息技术创新 331 体裁 难度 说明文 You'll probably never go to Mars or sing on the stage with the Rolling Stones. But if virtual reality(VR) ever lives up to its promise, you might be able to do all these things—and many more—without even leaving your home. Unlike real reality, virtual reality means simulating(模仿) bits of our world. Apart from games and entertainment, it's long been used for training airline pilots and surgeons and for helping scientists to figure out complex problems such as the structure
of protein molecules(分子). Then how does it work?
Close your eyes and think of virtual reality and you probably picture something like this: a man wearing a wraparound headset(耳机) and data gloves, wired into a powerful workstation or supercomputer. What distinguishes VR from an ordinary computer experience is the nature of the input and output. Where an ordinary computer uses things like a keyboard, mouse, or speech recognition for input, VR uses sensors that detect how your body is moving. And where a PC displays output on a screen, VR uses two screens (one for each eye), surroundsound speakers, and maybe some forms of touch and body feedback as well.
VR has been routinely used by scientists, doctors, dentists, engineers, architects, archaeologists, and the military for about the last 30 years. Difficult and dangerous jobs are hard to train for. How can you safely practice taking a trip to space, making a parachute jump, or carrying out brain surgery? All these things are obvious candidates for virtual reality applications.
Like any technology, virtual reality has both good and bad points. Critics always raise the risk that people may be addicted to alternative realities to the point of ignoring their realworld lives—but that criticism has been leveled at everything from radio and TV to computer games and the Internet. Like many technologies, VR takes little or nothing away from the real world: you don't have to use it if you don't want to.
语篇导读 本文主要介绍了虚拟现实技术(VR)的相关信息以及人们对这一技术的看法。 5．What equipment do we probably need for virtual reality? A．A keyboard, a headset and a supercomputer. B．A headset, data gloves and a supercomputer. C．A headset, data gloves and a speech recognition. D．A keyboard, a mouse and a speech recognition.
解析 B 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，虚拟现实需要耳机、数据手套，以及强大的工作站或超级计算机，故选B项。
6．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The advantages of virtual reality. B．The influences of virtual reality. C．The importance of virtual reality.
D．The applications of virtual reality.
解析 D 主旨大意题。第三段第一句讲到当前应用VR的领域，后面讲到VR在将来可能应用的领域，由此可知，第三段主要讲VR的应用，故选D项。
7．What is the writer's attitude towards VR? A．Cautious. C．Doubtful.
B．Appreciative. D．Uninterested.
解析 B 观点态度题。根据文章最后一句可知，作者对于批评者的观点进行了反击，由此推断出，作者对虚拟现实技术的态度倾向于认同，故选B项。
8．According to the passage, virtual reality means ________. A．experiencing things that don't really exist B．creating something that doesn't exist C．imagining beautiful things in our mind D．cloning something that has died out
解析 A 推理判断题。根据第一段可知，我们不需要离开家就可以去火星，因为虚拟现实技术可以模仿现实世界让你去体验，故选A项。
Ⅱ 七选五 课标话题 词 数 人与自我·认识自我 196 体裁 难度 说明文 (2019·正定中学模考)Mourning the loss of your full head of hair? We have some good news for you! __1__ According to a new research, people tend to consider bald(秃头的) men as more dominant, stronger and taller than those with hair.
In a study, participants rated photos of men with hair and men with shaved heads according to levels of dominance and agreeability. __2__ Besides, when participants saw pictures of the same men with hair and with their hair digitally removed, the latter were considered as more dominant, taller and stronger than they truly were.
What gives? __3__ It is just like people with deeper voices are seen as more competent and trustworthy. In U．S. society, shaved heads are often found on men in traditionally male professions, so dominance may appear through stereotypical(模式化观念的) associations with these figures.
The researcher's advice: If age has caused you to start losing your hair, you might consider
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