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2019年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破专题12名词性从句教学案

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专题12 名词性从句

【2019年高考考纲解读】

名词性从句是高考常考的语法项目,主要考查对连接词的正确把握。分析历年各地的高考试题不难发现,连接代词what的用法是考查的热点。另外,在同位语从句中,经常考查that的用法。除此之外,其他连接词的用法以及从句的语序也时有考查。

【重点、难点剖析】 一、几种易混的从句的辨别

定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句有时候在形式上很相似,下面提供一些区分的方法: 1.定语从句与同位语从句

定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容的。that在定语从句中充当句子成分,可指物或人;而同位语从句中的that在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。请比较:

(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting. (定语从句,that/which在从句中作宾语,还可以被省略) (2)The news that our team has won is exciting.

(同位语从句,that从句是说明news的内容的,that在从句中不作任何成分,但不能被省略) 辨析

判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法,即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词,如果句子意思成立,则是同位语从句,否则,则是定语从句。如上面第二句,加上be动词后:

The news is that our team has won.句子意思成立,所以是同位语从句。而第一句,加上be动词后: The news is that he told us.意思不成立,因此不是同位语从句。 【特别提醒】

一般情况下,同位语从句紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面,可是有的时候,为了表达的需要,名词与从句之间被另外一些内容分隔开了,叫做“分隔同位语从句”。对于这类同位语从句,一定要根据句意,找准它所说明的名词。

2.定语从句与状语从句 请看两组句子:

第一组:区分such...as...和such...that...

(1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.

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(2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. 这两句话只有一词之差,但语法结构大相径庭:第一句是as引导的定语从句,as相当于that/which(但不能用that/which),在从句中作understand的宾语。第二句是结果状语从句,that在从句中不作成分。

结论:当从句缺少句子成分时,用such...as...;当从句不缺少句子成分时,用such...that...。 第二组:选用in which, where填空

(1)He left the key ______ he had been an hour before. (2)He left the place ______ he lived for many years.

分析:第一句只能填where, where引导的是地点状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词。此处where不可换成in which,因为in which只能引导定语从句,本句中根本就没有先行词(后面的从句不是修饰key的)。

第二句填where或in which。根据句意可知,后面的句子是对名词place的修饰,因此此句是定语从句。

二、that与what的区别

that引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that本身无意义,只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what表示“……的东西或事情”。请比较:

What I need is more time.(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)

That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)

The village is no longer what it used to be.(what引导表语从句,在从句中作表语) I had no idea what we should do next.(what引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语) He will tell us what he saw in London.(what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语) 精析

名词性从句中区分that与what的关键是:分析句子结构,看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用that,如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等),且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。

三、who, whoever与no matter who的区别

引导名词性从句,在句中作主语时用who,意思是“谁”,含有疑问意味,whoever意为“无论谁”,不含有疑问意味。whoever在引导名词性从句时,相当于anyone who,其中who引导一个定语从句紧随其后。

另外,whoever还可以引导让步状语从句,这时whoever相当于no matter who,但是no matter who只能引导让步状语从句。请比较:

1.Who has taken away my bag is unknown.

2

谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用whoever显然句意不通) 2.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever表达的语气强烈) 3.I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are. =I'm not going to let you in, whoever you are.

(根据句意“我不会让你进去的,不管你是谁”,后面是一个让步状语从句,故用no matter who或者whoever)

【特别提醒】

wh-ever既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时,whoever=anyone who; whomever=any-one whom; whatever=anything that; whichever=anything/anyone that; whosever=any one whose。

Whichever he likes will be given to him.=Anything that he likes will be given to him. 无论他想要哪个都可以给他。

You should give the book back to whosever name(=anyone whose name) is on the cover of it. 你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。 【方法技巧】

做题时,具体思路如下:①通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;②题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;③观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;④确定从句性质后,回忆相关从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍;⑤注意标点符号和并列连词(and, but)的作用;⑥将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。

【题型示例】 题型1、主语从句

【例1】(2017·江苏卷改编) ________is known to us all is that Want Meng got three golden medals in Vancouver Winter Olympics.

【解析】考查主语从句。what在主语从句中作is的主语。 【答案】What

【举一反三】(2017·北京卷改编) ________I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.

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【答案】What

【变式探究】【2016·北京】24.Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps. A. However 【答案】C

【解析】题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语,“________ you can do”是主语部分,即主语从句,在主语从句中,do后缺少宾语,表示“任何事情”,因此用whatever引导,故选C。

【变式探究】Some people believe has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.

解析 考查主语从句。句意:有些人相信,无论以前发生过什么,或者现在发生着什么,都会在未来重现。主语从句中缺少主语,用whatever做主语。

【举一反三】The question is not ________ a country has an aircraft carrier, but ________ a country does with the aircraft carrier.

【答案】whether; what

B. Whoever

C. Whatever

D. Wherever

【变式探究】I'd like to start my own business—that's ________ I'd do if I had the money. A.why B.when C.which D.what 【答案】D

【解析】句意:我想自己做生意——那是我如果有钱就会做的事情。从句中的do是及物动词,缺少宾语,所以将A和B排除,这两个选项在从句中常常作状语。which引导名词性从句时,意为“哪个,哪些”,不合逻辑,故用what。

【变式探究】I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer,which is ________ he never finishes anything.

A.that B.when C.where D.why 【答案】D

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【解析】很显然,前文所说的(他是一个空谈家而不是一个实干家)是下文(他一事无成)的原因,由此可知应该选why。

【变式探究】Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield,was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.

A.what B.that C.why D.whether 【答案】B

【解析】that引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,且that不充当句子的任何成分。其他选项不合题意。 【拓展提高】

1.引导词有连词that(that不可省),whether;代词有who,whom,what,which;副词when,where,how,why等。如:

The problem is that we didn't get in touch with him. 2.as if,because也可引导表语从句。 It was because I got up late.

注意:①当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train this morning. ②whether可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 【误区警示】 1.误判从句类型

例1、Word came that free souvenirs would be given to ________ comes first. 易错警示:学生易误判为定语从句从而误填who。

2.误判句子结构

例2、The notice came around two in the afternoon ______ the meeting would be postponed. 易错警示:学生易误判为定语从句而误填when。 答案:that 这是一个同位语从句。

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