（1）set down
1）写下，记下。 You had better set down your idea before you forget it. 2）放下。He set down his load and had a break. 他放下担子休息了一会儿。 3）下车。 The bus set the children down just outside the school gate. set 相关短语 set off
1）出发，动身（去某地）。
Tom and his father set off for America yesterday, and arrived there this morning. 2）点燃, 爆炸
The children are setting fireworks off in the garden.孩子们在花园里燃放烟火。 set out
1）set out 出发，动身（去某地），相当于set off
The Chinese Team held a meeting for a whole day before setting out for Barcelona for the Olympic Games. 中国队在去巴塞罗那参加奥运会之前开了一整天的会。 2）set out（+ to do something）开始，着手（做某事）。例如： The moment I got home, I set out to do my homework. set about doing sth 着手（做某事），其意义与set out to do sth 相同。 That evening he set about writing a report on pollution. 那天晚上，他着手写一篇关于污染的报告。 set up建立，创立。
In the southern states the slave owners wanted to set up a country of their own, where they could freely keep black people as slaves. 在南方各州，奴隶主们企图建立他们自己的国家，在那个国家里他们可以随心所欲地把黑人当作奴隶使用。 set aside
1.）把…放置一旁, 不理会
Setting the chair aside, he sat on the floor.他把椅子搁到一旁, 坐在地板上。 I warn them not to do it, but my objections were set aside. 我警告他们不要那样做, 但他们没有理会。 2）.取消, 驳回
The Appeal Court set aside the prisoner's sentence.上诉法院撤销了对刑事被告的判决。 3）.留出
The hotel manager set aside two pleasant rooms for us. 旅店经理给我们留出两间舒适的房间 set back 1）.向后移
Why don't you set your chair back a little to get a better view? 你怎么不把椅子向后移一下好看得更清楚点儿? 2）.推迟, 耽搁
The accident has set them back several weeks.那次事故已使他们耽搁了几个星期。 3）.拨慢 I'll set my watch back five minutes.我要把我的表拨慢五分钟。 4）.花费 The dinner set me back 50 dollars.晚饭花了我50美元。 (2). conj. as 此处引导方式状语从句，表示“象…一样，按照” Eg. The workers just carried out the order as they were told.
as 用作连词，还可引导下列状语从句：
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1). 引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语的同时性
As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening. 随着他年纪越来越大，他失去了对所有事物的兴趣，除了园艺。 2). 引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然，即使”（从句需倒装）
Cold as it is, my brother wears only a shirt. 尽管天气冷，我哥只穿了一件衬衫。 3). 引导原因状语从句 (=since; because)，“由于，因为”。
As you were not there, I left a message. 因为当时你不在那，所以我给你留了便条。 4) 引导比较状语从句。
She is as tall as you. 她和你一样高。 [练习] 中译英
1. 随着年龄的增长我越来越对科学感兴趣。 2. 由于雨下得很大，你最好穿上雨衣。 3. 他学习很努力，但考试还是没及格。
答案： 1. As l get older l get more interested in science．
2. As it is raining hard，you'd better put on your raincoat． 3. Hard as he worked，he failed in the exam．
(3). 此处do为代动词，代替前面的set down a series of facts, 以免重复。 【点拨】：代动词do/does/did用来代替前面所出现过的动词或者动词短语，以免重复。 Eg. Please pronounce the word as I do. Tom can cook as well as Mary does. ----Who broke the cup? ---- I did.
8. I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 这是一个复杂的长难句。
(1). 句型I wonder if/whether…“我不知道是否…”常用来委婉地提出请求或者陈述想法。 Eg. I wonder if you can help me with my pronunciation.
(2). 强调句型：It is/was + 被强调部分（主语、宾语、状语）+ that/who + 其他部分
（强调人时可用that/who; 其他成分一律用that） Eg. My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
下面对上句中的主语，宾语，地点状语，时间状语分别进行强调：
It was my father that/who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.（强调主语） It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. （强调宾语） It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. （强调地点状语） It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （强调时间状语） 又如：It is I that/who am wrong.
▲ 文中句子强调的是由because引导的原因状语从句。强调原因状语从句时，只能用because
引导，不能用since/as.
Eg. It was because she was ill that she didn’t come to work.
强调句型的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句形式：一般疑问句的强调形式，只需将is/ was 提前，移至句首即可，即：Is/ Was it … that …。特殊疑问句的强调形式，须将陈述句变成一般疑问句，再在句首加上疑问词，即：疑问词（被强调部分）＋is/was + it + that + 句子其余部分
It was last year that the building was completed.
改为一般疑问句 ： Was it last year that the building was completed? 改为特殊疑问句 When was it that the building was completed?
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(3) be able to 表示设法做成某事 can/could 仅表能力
eg. Everyone is able to speak English very well after practicing. Man can make tools while animals can’t.
例题：The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone go out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 答案：【D】
(4). grow/be crazy about/on (doing) sth.对…十分狂热，对…十分痴迷 Eg. Young girls and boys are crazy about rock music. She is crazy about painting these days.
(5). everything to do with nature（不定式作后置定语）= everything that is to do with nature be to do with 与…有关
eg. Her job is to do with computers.
▲ have sth. to do with 与…有关 have nothing to do with
have much/a lot to do with have little to do with eg. Does her job have anything to do with telephones? (6). nature n. 自然界，大自然（前面不加冠词） Eg. It’s important for us to keep the balance of nature.
7. I can well remember that there was a time when…could never have kept me spellbound. (1). well adv. = completely, thoroughly 完全地，充分地，彻底地 Eg. I know him well.
Shake the bottle well before you take the medicine. (2). there was a time when…是一个定语从句。
(3). can’t/couldn’t have done 过去不可能做过某事（表示对过去情况的否定推测） Eg. He couldn’t have gone abroad. I saw him just now.
(4). keep 使役动词，“使…保持某种状态”，后接复合宾语，即： keep + 宾语 + 宾补( v-ing/过去分词/adj./adv./介词短语/n.) eg. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. Don’t open the door. Keep it closed. Keep him out.
His illness kept him in bed for a week. Please keep it a secret.
10. I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.
(1) stay link-v. = keep/remain保持某种状态 （后接adj./n.做表语） Eg. Stores in this country stay open until 12 o’clock at night.
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. They stay friends for years.
(2). on purpose 故意地（反义词组为by chance/by accident偶然地） Eg. Everybody can see that she did it on purpose. ▲ on purpose to do sth. 为了 …
eg. He went to town on purpose to sell one of his paintings. ▲ with/for the purpose of 为了… 的目的 eg. He does it with the purpose of making money.
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(3). in order to do sth.（做目的状语,可放在句首或者句中）= so as to do sth.（只能放在句中） Eg. He started early in order not to be late.
In order to get up early, he had to set his clock at six.
in order to 用作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语通常要一致。 In order to make our city green, . A.it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many trees need to plant C. our city need more trees D. we must plant more trees (4). by oneself 独自地
11. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. (1). far adv. 表示程度“远远地，大大地，…得多” Eg. He is far too busy. ( far too 太…)
It was far more expensive than I expected. ( 修饰比较级 ) (2). too much与 much too
too much 太多（在句中可做主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语） much too 实在太…（做状语，修饰adj./adv.） eg. Too much has been said. You have given me too much. He has wasted too much time.
The trip is too much for the old man. ( be too much for sb. 太…某人受不了) She talks too much. （ too much做状语，只修饰动词） I don’t like winter because it’s much too cold. She speaks English much too fluently.
(3). dare 既可做情态动词又可做实义动词，作情态动词时，无人称和数的变化，但有时态变化；作行为动词时，后接to do, 否定句和疑问句中to可省略。 Eg. I/She dare not climb the mountain. Dare you tell her the truth? He dares to do anything.
The boy dared to climb the tall tree. I didn’t dare (to) look at him. Do you dare (to) fight him? 12. happen to do sth. 碰巧…
It (so) happens/happened that… 碰巧…
Eg. She happened to meet him in the park that day. = It happened that she met him in the park that day. ▲ sth. happens to sb. 某人发生什么事情 eg. An accident happened to that family. 13. at dusk在黄昏时刻
at dawn在黎明 at night在夜里 at midnight在午夜 at noon在中午 14. in one’s power 在某人控制下
eg. His wife has him in her poewr. 她妻子控制着他。 15. face to face 面对面地 （在句中做状语） eg. The two men stood face to face.
▲ face-to-face adj. 面对面的 （做定语）
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eg. a face-to-face interview 一次面对面的采访 ▲ 联想 ：
arm in arm 臂挽臂 hand in hand 手拉手 side by side 肩并肩
shoulder to shoulder肩并肩 heart to heart 心贴心back to back 背靠背 16. It/This/That is the first/second… time that… ( 从句中用现在完成时态 ) It/This/That was the first/second… time that…( 从句中用过去完成时态 ) 某人第几次做某事
Eg. This is the third time that you have been late.
It was the second time that he had visited my family. ▲ 比较：
The first time I saw her, my heart stopped.（引导时间状语从句）
On the first day of school, two students met each other for the first time.（作时间状语） 17. It’s no pleasure doing sth. 做某事没有乐趣
It’s no use doing sth. 做某事没有用 It’s no good doing sth. 做某事没有好处 Eg. It’s no use talking to him. 18. keep a diary 坚持写日记
19. lonely adj. (定语或者表语) 孤独的，寂寞的（指感情上）；荒凉的（指地方）
alone adj./adv. 单独的（地），独自的（地）（指客观上只有一人，无人做伴） Eg. She is alone, but she doesn’t feel lonely. He is from a lonely mountain village. The old man lives alone.
▲ alone adv. 仅仅，只有 （放在n./pron.之后）
eg. She alone was able to answer the question.= Only she was able to answer the question. 20. Why do you think her feelings changed towards nature?
疑问词+插入语(do you think/suppose/believe/guess/expect/imagine/say/suggest+陈述语序 Eg. We haven’t heard from her for weeks.
How do you suppose she is getting along with her studies now? What do you suppose has happened to her?
Where do you think they will spend their winter holidays? 21. no longer = not…any longer 不再 Eg. They no longer live here. He is no longer a teacher. I can’t wait any longer. 22. share sth. with sb.
Eg. Can you share the apple with her?
They share their joys and sorrows with each other. Part 3. Learning about Language
1. tie up 系紧，栓牢，包扎 eg. He tied up the horse to a tree. 2. take (no) notice of （不）注意，（不）理会 eg. Take no notice of what he says.
3. She found it difficult to settle and calm down in the hiding place. find+ 宾语+ 宾补（形容词，副词，介词短语，名词，分词） Come and join us. You’ll find it interesting.
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