money to zero money”. He’s never looked back. “I found that the need I have isn’t financial,” he said. “The need I have is seeing the joy on kids’ faces, knowing that I can make a difference.” 24. Why did Mickelson set up Sleep in Heavenly Peace? A. To help the poor children. C. To inspire his community.
25. What do we know about Luke Mickelson? A. He had his own fish farm.
B. He changed his career from time to time. C. He used to sleep on the floor when he was a kid. D. He originally had a relaxing and pleasant life. 26. How did other people react to Mickelson’s project? A. They showed little interest in it. B. They were supportive and involved in it.
C. They were doubtful about the safety of the bunk bed. D. They volunteered to buy beds with their own money. 27. What is Mickelson’s attitude to the nonprofit? A. Ambiguous
B. Defensive.
C. Cautious.
C
Trees, some of the tallest in the world, towered above Hannah Griffiths and her colleagues each morning as they walked deep into the rainforest in the Maliau Basin in Borneo, where they had set up a set of experiments to look at the ecological effects of small creatures: termites (白蚁).
Termites get a bum rap. They make headlines for chewing up billions of dollars of property each year in the U. S. And they are responsible for something like two percent of global carbon emissions, simply as a result of their huge populations and preference for chewing through carbonrich materials. A whole industry is aiming at killing them.
But they play a key role in many natural ecosystems. Scientists have known for years that in tropical (热带的) forests, termites chew up fallen leaves and dead wood, keeping the fallen material under control and letting nutrients from the dead material back into the system to be used by other plants, insects, and animals. But they didn’t know exactly how important the insects were in keeping the forest healthy and functional, so they removed termites from a particular spot in the forest and saw how it responded.
As luck would have it, Hannah Griffiths and her colleagues started their experiment when the forest was hit by an extreme drought (干旱). During the non-drought years, they saw there wasn’t much difference between the normal plots and the ones where they’d removed the termites. But during the drought, the effects were marked. What they found was unexpected: in the termite-rich areas, the soil stayed slightly wet, more tree seedlings sprouted (抽芽), and the system was full of activity despite the long, hard dry spell.
For Griffiths, it was only because they happened to study the drought that they could pick out the real importance of termites to the system, she points out. “And that rings alarm bells in my head,” she says, “because it makes me think, well what else don’t we know? If we start damaging biological communities, we don’t know what that will do.” 28. Which of the following best explains “a bum rap” underlined in Paragraph 2?
D. Positive.
B. To make a big fortune. D. To get more donations.
A. Unfair blame. C. Public attention.
B. Wide popularity. D. Special preference.
9. What have scientists learned about termites? A. They do serious harm to tropical rainforests. B. They contribute a lot to the ecosystem they live in. C. They act as food for other plants, insects and animals. D. They speed up the loss of nutrition in the rainforest. 30. What can we infer from the finding of Griffiths experiment? A. Termites help rainforests survive climate change. B. Termites prefer drought years to non-drought ones. C. Termites benefit more from the forest during the drought. D. Termites enjoy eating tree seedlings during the drought. 31. What does Griffiths tell us in the last paragraph? A. Termites are now in danger of extinction. B. Termites damage biological communities. C. We should think twice before damaging a species. D. We should study the drought to improve the system.
D
Classifying things is critical for our daily lives. For example, we have to detect spam mail (垃圾邮件), false political news. When we use AI, such tasks are based on “classification technology” in machine learning—having the computer learn, using the boundary separating positive and negative data. For example, “positive” data would be photos including a happy face, and “negative” data photos that include a sad face. Once a classification boundary is learned, the computer can determine whether a certain data is positive or negative.
However, the difficulty with this technology is that it requires both positive and negative data for the learning process, and negative data are not available in many cases. For instance, when a retailer (零售商) is trying to predict who will make a purchase, they can easily find data on customers who have purchased from them (positive data), but it is basically impossible to obtain data on customers who have never purchased from them (negative data), since they do not have access to their competitors’ data.
According to lead author Takashi Ishida from RIKEN AIP, “Previous classification methods could not cope with the. situation where negative data were not available, but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data, as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data, constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users. Using our new method, we can let computers learn a classifier only from positive data equipped with confidence.”
According to Ishida, “This discovery could expand the range of applications where classification technology can be used. Even in fields where machine learning has been actively used, our classification technology could be used in new situations where only positive data can be gathered due to data regulation or business constraints (限制). In the near future, we hope to put our technology to use in various research fields, such as natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and bioinformatics.”
32. How can the computer distinguish the positive data from the negative data? A. By learning the classification boundary. B. By updating the data collected regularly. C. By separating happy faces and sad ones. D. By introducing classification technology. 33. Why is the example mentioned in Paragraph 2? A. To prove how important the positive data are. B. To confirm that data on customers are complete. C. To argue that retailers get their competitors’ data. D. To explain why negative data are hard to acquire.
34. What do the underlined words “new method” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. Analyzing buying intention. B. Building a confidence score. C. Assessing the active rate of app users. D. Equipping the computer with confidence. 35. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The History of Classification Technology
B. Smarter AI: Machine Leaning without Negative Data C. Bigger Data: Computers Assisting Language Processing D. The Comparison between Positive Data and Negative Data 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 What’s the purpose of building patience abilities? In a word, happiness. Better relationships, more success. But indeed it takes efforts to build them successfully. 36 . Thus, when the big ones come, we will have developed the patience we need for hard times.
Understand the addictive nature of anger and impatience. We, human beings, are still constructed with our old reptilian (爬行动物似的) brain that protects our physical and emotional survival. On the emotional survival side, we want our way to get ahead, to achieve, to “look good.” Let’s just face it. 37 So the first step in growing patience is to get in touch with the addictive quality of the opposite of patience—anger, impatience, blaming and shaming. We all have them. And we can grow beyond them.
Upgrade our attitude towards discomfort and pain. Pain has its purposes and pushes us to find solutions—we try to change the other person, situation or thing that we think is causing our discomfort. But the problem is that it is not the outside thing that’s the source of our pain, but how our mind is set. 38 Pay attention when the impatience or pain starts. Most of us don’t really realize it when we are feeling even the smallest—but very present—painful feelings. 39 But to really care for ourselves, get curious about what’s actually happening in the moment inside you. Focusing on what’s actually happening, you can notice the worry of not wanting what’s happening, the resistance.
40 When you find yourself impatient, or angry with yourself, you can remind yourself that you are growing, and that, “Sure, this is understandable; this is what happens to me when I’m bothered.” You can say to yourself, “It’s true. I don’t like this; this is uncomfortable, but I can tolerate it.”
A. Practice positive self-talk.
B. So the solution to pain is an inside job. C. Patience abilities benefit you in many ways.
D. Learn to forgive yourself for being impatient in hard times.
E. We ignore the fact that we’re in pain and focus completely on fixing the problem. F. The urge to protect ourselves and what we consider valuable is absolutely habit-forming. G. Effective ways are recommended to train ourselves to work with little pains and annoyances.
第三部分 语言知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最 佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I will never forget one summer in my childhood. While walking in the attic (阁楼), I stepped on something and 41 down, with my hand landing on a floorboard that popped up and almost hit me in the head. When I 42 and looked inside the open space, I could not believe my eyes: There was gold in there! I 43 a handful of shining gold cubes, an to the bottom stair and 44 ,” Mama. I found gold up here under the floor!”
Back up the stairs I dashed. 45 my brothers almost knocked me back down as they ran right by me. When Mama opened the door and 46 her head m, she 47 said, “Honey, that’s insulation (隔热材料). Now put it all back.”
I felt really disappointed. I had thought I made a real 48 . When I 49 inside to put the fake gold back, my hand touched what felt like a book. I pulled it out. It was old and small: Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, which I’d never heard of. And 50 I was bored, I decided to see what was inside this little book. To my 51 , it was a book of passages, phrases, and proverbs and I could tell that this was going to be 52 . So I spent quite much time on it and found 53 in these pages, As I didn’t know how to express things clearly, I often 54 to talk about them. This book helped me 55 that I didn’t need to feel ashamed or 56 , because other people had similar experiences.
When I went to college, Bartlett’s came with me. Over the years, I’ve kept my original 57 , which to this day I often 58 . Although it was a 59 to find the book, it liberated me in a way. It helped me see more than my young mind and heart were able to understand.
The book discovered under those floorboards was, 60 , gold. 41. A. slowed 42. A. bent over 43. A. stole 44. A. yelled 45. A. or 46. A. nodded
B. calmed B. showed up B. produced B. sighed B. so B. stuck
C. looked C. lay down C. seized C. admitted C. but C. lowered
D. fell D. broke in D. hid D. complained D. for D. lifted
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