introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to
improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering
“inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals – areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
41. Andrew Lansley held that 42. Terence Stephenson agreed 43. Jamie Oliver seemed to [A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s. [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools. [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve that school lunches in England. [D]cigarette-style warnings should be believe that introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet. 44. Dinesh Bhugra suggested [E] the producers of crisps and candies could that contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign 45. A Department of Health [F]parents should set good examples for their spokesperson proposed that children by keeping a healthy diet at home .
. Unit 8 词汇与翻译 Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion
and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
{(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a
theory of everything – a single generative equation for all we see. } It is becoming less clear,
however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. {(47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasrnable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.} Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are
governed by universal features. {(48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. }
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
{(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. }
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. {(50) Chomsky’s grammar should show
patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.}Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals. 全文翻译
自从亚里士多德时代以来，寻找普遍的原理成为科学领域的特征。在一些方面，对于 共性的探索是科学的特色。牛顿的运动定律和达尔文的进化论均把许多不同的现象与一个 单一的解释性框架结合起来。
（46）在物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找包含 一切的理论——一个涵括我们所看到的一切的生成性公式。但是，考虑到该理论可能牵涉 到的诸多方面与领域，如此这般理论将会是一种化繁为简之事就变得不大明白了。不过勉 强的统一仍然是一个主要目标。 这里，达尔文学说自然科学中的这种趋势长期以来在社会科学方面也一直明显。（47） 似乎做出了证明，因为如果人类有着共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也 可以追溯到更为有限的起源。正如令人困惑的人类求爱仪式的多样性均被认为是性爱选择 的形式一样，大概世界上的语言、音乐、社会与宗教的习俗，甚至历史都被普通的特征所 控制。（48）从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的， 并从进化或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。
这至少是希望做到的事情。但是，今天发表在网上的一项语言学特征的对比研究提供 了一次提醒人面对现实的事件。奥克兰大学的格雷和他的同事们根据两次以前的寻找语言 共性的尝试对语法的发展进行了思考。
这些尝试中最有名的一次是由诺姆·乔姆斯基发起的。他提出人类生而具有一种规定 普遍语法的内在的语言习得能力。因此，若干生成规则就足以揭示一种语言的全部底层结 构。这就是为什么孩子能够非常快地学会语言。
（49）第二次努力——由乔舒亚·格林堡做出——采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语 言的普遍性，确定了多种语言（尤其在语法词序方面）的共有特征，这些特征被认为是代 表了由认知限制产生的倾向。
格雷和他的同事通过研究四个语言谱系对这些尝试进行测试。四个语言谱系之间体现 着两千多种语言。（50）
乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言 谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响；而格林堡式的普遍性则预言了特定的语法词序关系类型之间 所存在的紧密互依性。这两种形式均未被分析所证实，这显示各种语言结构是语言谱系所 特有的，而不是普遍模式所控制的。
Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities
in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates. Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make. 46. 【全文翻译】
发展中国家的人考虑移民时，通常关心的是到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学里工作这样最美好最光明的前景。这些人正是英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国家想要通过对大学毕业生提供优惠的移民条例来吸 引的人才。
许多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人尤其可能移民。2004 年对印度家庭的一项大规模调查 表明，将近 40%移居国外的人受过高中以上教育，而与之形成对比的是：全印度 25 岁以上受过高中以 上教育的人约为 3.3% 。这种“人才流失”现象长期困扰着贫困国家的决策者。他们担心这会损害本国 经济，使他们失去急需的熟练劳动者，这些人本可以留在国内在大学任教、在医院工作或设计新奇产品供工厂生产。
Unit 9 词汇与完型 Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14 Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political – which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.
The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.
1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize
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