2018届北京市各高中名校试卷题型分类专题汇编：阅读理解C篇
One【2018届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三英语考前热身试题】 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分;：共30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
C
What Cocktail Parties Teach Us
You’re at a party. Music is playing. Glasses are clinking. Dozens of conversations are driving up the decibel (分贝) level. Yet among all those distractions, you can tune your attention to just one voice from many. This ability is what researchers call the “cocktail-party effect.”
Scientists at the University of California in San Francisco have found where that sound-editing process occurs in the brain—in the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) just behind the ear, not in areas of higher thought. The auditory cortex boosts some sounds and turns down others so that when the signal reaches the higher brain, “it’s as if only one person was speaking alone,” says investigator Edward Chang.
These findings, published in the journal Nature last week, explain why people aren’t very good at multitasking-our brains are wired for “selective attention” and can focus on only one thing at a time. That inborn ability has helped humans survive in a world buzzing with visual and auditory stimulation (刺激). But we keep trying to push the limit with multitasking, sometimes with tragic consequences. Drivers talking on cellphones, for example, are four times as likely to get into traffic accidents as those who aren’t.
Many of those accidents are due to “inattentional blindness”, in which people can, in effect, turn a blind eye to things they aren’t focusing on. The more attention a task demands, the less attention we can pay to other things in our field of vision. Images land on our retinas (视网膜) and are either boosted or played down in the visual cortex before being passed to the brain, just as the auditory cortex filters sounds, as shown in the Nature study last week. “It’s a push-pull relationship-the more we focus on one thing, the less we can focus on others,” says Diane M. Beck, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois.
Studies over the past decade at the University of Utah show’ that drivers talking on hands-free cellphones are just as influenced as those on hands-held phones because it is the conversation, not the device that is distracting their attention. Those talking on any kind of
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2018届北京市各高中名校试卷题型分类专题汇编：阅读理解C篇
cellphone react more slowly and miss more traffic signals than other motorists.
Some people can train themselves to pay extra attention to things that are important — like police officers learn to scan crowds for faces and conductors can listen for individual instruments within the orchestra as a whole. Many more think they can effectively multitask, but are actually shifting their attention rapidly between two things and not getting the full effect of either, experts say.
43. What have scientists in University of California found about “the cocktail-party effect”？ A. Usually there is only one person who is speaking alone. B. All kinds of annoying sounds drive up the decibel level. C. The higher brain processes sounds and images selectively. D. Sounds are sorted out before reaching the higher brain, 44. What do we learn from the passage?
A. We are biologically incapable of multitasking. B. We survive distractions in life by multitasking, C. We cannot multitask without extra attention. D. We benefit from pushing the limit with multitasking.
45. Which of the following is an example of “inattentional blindness”？ A. A careless driver lost his eyesight after a car accident. B. Police scanned the crowds and located the criminal. C. A manager talked on a hands-free phone with his client, D. A pedestrian had a car accident because of phubbing. 46. The main purpose of the passage is to . A. compare and contrast B. inform and explain C. argue and discuss D. examine and evaluate
Keys: 43-46 DADD
Two【2018届北京市北京大学附属中学高三英语第三次模拟试题】 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分;：共30分）
2
2018届北京市各高中名校试卷题型分类专题汇编：阅读理解C篇
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
C
Right now in the Pacific Northwest, the indigenous (当地的) Lummi tribe is reminding us of our connection to nature, pushing us to question how we treat other species and demanding the release of a captive killer whale from Miami Seaquarium. Many indigenous cultures have known for thousands of years that the success and sustainability of society depend upon our relationship to the natural environment and have tried at great lengths to share this knowledge with us. And its about time that we listen.
As a conservation biologist, my job is to conduct research that helps protect Earth's biodiversity.From my scientific perspective, I back the Lummi's call to release Lolita back into her native waters.Unlike other captive killer whales that were born at amusement parks, Lolita was taken directly from her native environment, which luckily has remained. This means that the likelihood of a successful reintroduction is quite high.
Why? First, because Lolita already knows how to hunt from her juvenile years in the Salish Sea before she was taken. Proponents of keeping killer whales captive often say that the whales are not equipped with the skills to know how to hunt and survive in the wild. This is not the case for Lolita.
Second, the fact that Lolita’s pod (family) still exists and that her mother is still alive means the chances of her being accepted back into the pod are quite high. In addition to their 80-year lifespans, killer whales have also been shown to long-term memories. That makes it very likely that Lolita's family will remember her and welcome her back. The fact that Lolita's mother is still alive is particularly exciting because killer whale pods are matriarchal, meaning that the female members of the pod largely shape the group's social structure.
From my conservationist perspective, I also back the call to free Lolita . Her pod belongs to a group known as “southern resident killer whale,” an endangered species whose populations are not doing well. By bringing Lolita home to the Salish Sea, we are effectively adding one more re-productively mature female into the population. If Lolita reproduces, her offspring will help maintain the wild population of wild resident killer whales.
From an ethical perspective , I support the release of Lolita because it is the right thing to do. We know that killer whales are intelligent, and that they are highly social creatures, on par with Primates(灵长类） and yes，humans too. What does it mean for us as a society that we allow the
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2018届北京市各高中名校试卷题型分类专题汇编：阅读理解C篇
captivity of intelligent marine mammals for our own amusement? If we cannot begin to value the diversity of life on this planet, how are we going to be able to value the diversity of life within the human race?
The release of Lolita would be a victory for the Lummi, for science-based conservation and for repairing the relationships between humans and other species. As Martin Luther King. Jr. once put it,\day the ridiculousness of the almost universal human belief in the slavery of other animals will be apparent. We shall then have discovered our souls and become worthier of sharing this planet with them.
43. What does NOT contribute to the successful reintroduction of Lolita? A. The native living environment of Lolita has remained. B. Lolita learned the survival skills at Miami Seaquarium. C. Killer whales have long lifespans and long-term memories. D. Lolita's mother is sill alive and plays a decisive role in the pod. 44. What can be inferred if Lolita is released?
A. The ecological balance of Pacific Ocean will be disturbed. B. The population of the endangered species may stop decreasing. C. People will value the diversity of life within the human race. D. The Lummi tribe may gain enormous economic benefits.
45. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage? A.
B.
C.
D.
I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion 46. Whats the main purpose of this passage?
A. To call on Seaquariums to stop using animals for entertainment. B. To introduce the indigenous Lummi culture to the world.
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