第14章 主谓一致和虚拟语气
一、主谓一致
（一）并列主语时的主谓一致 （1）主语中包含有and时
①、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。如：
Tom and Jack were close friends. 汤姆和杰克是亲密是朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water. 蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人且两个名词共用一个冠词，同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数。如： Trial and error is the source of our knowledge. 不断尝试是我们获得知识的源泉。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
用and 连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西，若需要冠词，则只能在第一个名词前加a/an/the；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但若两个名词都有冠词或限定词，则指独立的两样东西；作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。常作为一个整体概念来对待的组合有： bread and butter 黄油面包 bread and cheese 涂奶酪的面包 a knife and fork 一副刀叉
a watch and chain 一只系有表带的手表
③、被every, each, many a ,no等限定的单个主语由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。其中后一个限定词可省略。如： Each boy and (each) girl has an apple. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.
许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④、一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如： Simple and plain living is a fine quality. 生活简朴是一种优良品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her. 英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。
⑤、由and 连接的两个what 从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：
What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
What he says and does not concern me. 他的言行与我无关。
（2）由or, nor, either…Or, neither…nor, not only…but (also) 连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数要跟与它邻近的主语的数一致。如： One or two friends are coming this evening. 今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。 A cigar or a cigarette is very enjoyable. 来一支雪茄或者香烟挺带劲的。 Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage. 我和他都不赞成她的婚姻。
Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter. 不是你就是我将负责这件事。
（3）单数名词+with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except 等所跟的名词作主语时，谓语仍用单数形式。如： Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加晚会了。
Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight. 斯密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一个老师和三个学生在实验室里。
（4）主语有肯定、否定两部分构成时，谓语与肯定的一致。 Not you but I am to answer for it./I, not you, am to answer for it. 应该对此负责的是我而不是你。
（5）there be 句型中，遵循毗邻一致原则。 There is my wife and family to consider. 我要照顾我的妻子和家庭。
There is an apple, two oranges and some bananas on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果，两个橘子和一些香蕉。 （二）某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
（1）有些名词以s 结尾，但有单数的含义，谓语动词用单数。如： No news is good news. 没消息就是好消息。
There is a heating apparatus in the house. 房子里有暖气设备。
这类名词有:news, crisis, apparatus, classics等。
（2）以-ics结尾的科学名词，谓语一般要用单数形式。但如果这些名词表示“学科”以外的其他意义时，谓语动词用复数。如： Physics is one of the most important courses. 物理学史最重要的课程之一。 His physics are weak. 他的物理很差。
Economics is boring but useful. 经济学很乏味，但很有用。
The economics of that country are becoming worse and worse. 那个国家的经济变得越来越糟。
（3）英语中有一些单数同形的名词，如：means, series, species, sheep, works, aircraft等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据他们所隐含的意义来确定。如：
Every means has been tired, but in vain.
每种方法都试过，但都失败了。 Such means are unsuitable. 这些方法不恰当。
A new steel-works is being planned. 一个新钢厂正在计划之中。
Two iron works have been established in that region. 在那个地方建立了两个铁厂。
（4）有些形式为单数，意义为复数的名词，如 people, police, cattle,clergy等作主语时，谓语动词总是用复数。如： There were many people present at the meting. 许多人参加了这个会议。
The police are making enquiries about the murder. 警察正在调查那起谋杀案。
(5)集体名family,class,crew,group,public,audience,crowd,government,comm- Ittee等作主语时，动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数，如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。如： The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls. 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。 The class are doing experiments. 全班学生正在做实验。
Our group is assigned to take the second bus. 我们这一组被指定乘二号车。
Our group are visiting the Museum next week. 我们组里的人下星期要去参观博物馆。
（6）由两部分构成的物体的名词，如 trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of 来修饰，谓语动词的单数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。如： These trousers need cleaning. 这些裤子需要清洗。 Your glasses are very nice.
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