Unit 1
1.The basic parts of a plant a the root system, which is below the ground , and the shoot system above. 一植株最基本组成部分是地下根系统和地上茎系统
2.It takes in, or absorbs, water and mineral from the soil through the root hairs, which are single cells near the tip of each root根毛是靠近根顶端的单细胞，它可以从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质
3.In addition, plants such as clover and Lucerne, known as ‘legumes’ have special bacteria which live on the roots. 另外，一些豆科作物，如三叶草和苜蓿，有特殊的寄生在根部的细菌
4.Another important function is to enable water and mineral to pass up from the roots to the leaves and flowers.另一种重要的功能是使水和矿物质从根运输到叶片和花上
5.Their main job is to make food for the plant by the process known as photosynthesis.它们的主要任务是光合作用为作物提供营养 6.Water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air are converted into sugars and other carbohydrates.来自土壤中的水和来自大气中的二氧化碳被转变成糖和碳水化合物
7.The stamens produce the male sex cells, or spermatic, which are carried in the pollen grains雄蕊产生雄性细胞或是性孢子，它们被花粉粒携带.
8.The fruit, the ripened ovary of the flower, encloses the seeds and protects them while they are developing，果实，花中成熟的子房，包围着种子，当它们发育时候并保护它们
9.The seed itself consists of an embryo and foodstore种子是由胚和.胚乳构成的
10.The embryo is the part which will develop into anther plant and the foodstore is necessary to provide nourishment for the young plant while it is growing.胚是能发育成另外作物的器官，胚乳是为发育中的幼体提供必要的营养 Unit 2
1.Seeds remain dormant, or in a resting state, if they are kept cool and dry.种子在低温和干燥条件下，处于休眠状态
2.When the amount of moisture and the temperature level are right, the seeds germinate and start growing.当温度和湿度适宜时，种子发芽并开始生长
3.This is because wet soils remain cold for a longer period of time than drier, well-drained soils.这是因为湿的土壤比干燥的排水好的土壤更能保持更长时间的低温
4.Dormant seeds require very little oxygen in order to stay alive, but when they start to germinate they require more. 种子在休眠状态时为保持活力需要较少o2，但当它们发芽时需要较多的o2
5.In the early stages of development the seedling depends entirely on the foodstore in the seed but as soon as the first leaves are produced, it is able to manufacture food for itself.发育早期，幼苗完全依靠种子中的胚乳，但是一旦第一片子叶产生，它就能为自己生产食物
6.In the process of pollination the pollen is carried by wind or insects from the stamens to the stigma of the carpel.传播花粉过程中，花粉被风或是昆虫从雄蕊传播，到雌蕊柱头上
7.It germinates on the stigma and grows down the style into the ovary, where fertilization takes place.它在柱头上产生并在子房中发育，进行受精 Unit 3
1.Organic material originates from dead plants and animals and material other than this are derived from rocks of various kinds. 有机质发源于死的动植物，而矿物质是与之不同的不经分解，来源于不同种类的岩石
2.These rocks are broken down into small particles by mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition.这些岩石通过物理和化学分解成小颗粒
3.In arid regions weathering is mostly by physical means.在干旱地区，风化主要由于物理因素 4.But in humid regions chemical processes of weathering are equally important但是在湿润的地区，风蚀的化学过程是同等重要的. 5.Consequently, the insoluble mineral residues in the soils have less resemblance to the original rocks. 因此，土壤中难以溶解的残余矿物质与原始的岩石无什么类似处
6.Most of them contain various proportions of sand, silt and clay and these varying proportions make up a soil’s textural class.土壤主要包括沙子，粉砂，粘土。。它们不同的比例构成了土壤不同的质地等级
7.The principle classes in order of increasing fineness of material are sand, loamy sand, loamy, silt loamy, silty clay loam, clay loam, silt and clay.依照矿物质纯度顺序排列依次为沙土，壤砂土，壤土 粉砂土，粘壤土，粉砂和粘土
8.That is to say, smaller sized particles can react or combine with water, nutrients and humus more sassily than larger sized particles.就是说，小颗粒与水，营养和腐殖质比大颗粒更容易结合
9.Humus from decomposed organic matter is vital to a soil as it makes a heavy soil lighter. 来源于腐烂有机物质的腐殖质，对土壤至关重要，因为它使土壤变的更疏松 Unit 4
2.The ease with which water san pass through a soil depends on the proportions in it of coarse and fine particles such as sand and clay.水分渗入土壤的容易度依靠土壤粗细比例，例如砂土和粘土
10.Another advantage is that a well-drained soil will have enough air for aerobic bacteria to break down humus and so provide food for the plant.另一个优点是排水很好的土壤会有足够的空气，为好氧的细菌去分解腐殖质，然后为作物提供营养 12.Ditches can be cut at certain intervals between the crops.在作物之间沟渠被切割成特定的间隔
16.Porous drainage tiles may be laid in or on the land and these will help draw off the surplus water. 多孔排水管平放入地下或地面下，这样会有助于放掉多余水分
17.The distance between the drains will depends on the level of the land, the permeability of the soil, and the amount of rainfall.排水间的距离取决于土地的平坦程度，土壤渗透性和雨量的多少
22.We should distinguish between the collection of water and its application我们应辨别水的集合和它的利用之间加以区别. 23.There are two main sources of irrigation water: surface water and ground water.有两种主要 的灌溉水资源：地表水和地下水 31.By this we mean the amount of water which is needed to bring the soil to full capacity.意思 是需要的水的量是能使土壤达到充分的?的数量
32.It also depends on the type of crop, the stage of growth of the crop and the amount which it will use at that particular time.它也取决于作物的类型，作物生育时期和它在特殊时期的使用量
34.Most plants require larger quantities of water during the later stages than in the earlier stages.大部分作物在后期比前期需要更大量的水 Unit 5
8.Finally, it makes up for the plant nutrients which have been removed by crops or lost by leaching and soil erosion.最终，它弥补了作物吸收，淋溶土壤侵蚀所流失的营养
14.So, they maybe grouped as nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, potassic fertilizers and so on.因此，它们被分为氮肥，磷肥 ，钾肥等
15.The most commonly used fertilizer which contains nitrogen is ammonium sulphate, which is made from ammonia and sulphuric acid, and which contains 21% nitrogen使用最普遍的肥料是含氮的，主要有硫酸铵等，它由氨和硫酸组成，其中含氮量百分二十一.
16.This element encourages rapid vegetative growth and gives plants a healthy green colour.这个要素促进作物快速生长并给作物一个健康的绿色
19.Phosphorous stimulates the formation of a plant's root, and promotes fruit and seed production.磷刺激根系形成，促进结果和种子产量
21.finally, wherever high crop yields are expected, potash is used together with nitrogen and phosphorous.最终，无论在哪高产量都是被期望的，通过k与n,p混合使用
23.This help plant to withstand mechanical damage such as broken branches and torn leaves.k有助于作物抵抗机械伤害，例如残枝败叶
27.It is usually supplied in the form of muriate of potash (potassium chloride), which contains 50 to 60% potassium oxide (K2O) and sulphate of potash (potassium sulphate).它总是以k的化合物形式被使用，包括百分五十到60的k2o和k2so4
32.If a soil is very acid, with a pH value of less than 5.0, lime can be added to correct this acidity.如果土壤极酸性，ph小于5，石灰能够改善土壤的酸性
35.Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are more easily available in a well-limed soil than in an acid soil.氮磷钾在用石灰处理的土壤中比在酸性的土壤中更容易被利用 Unit 6
1 In crop production the control of weeds, diseases and pests is essential to obtain high yields.杂草和虫害的控制对于获得高产量是有必要的
5 Weeds reduce crop yields on account of the fact that they compete with crops for water.杂草使作物产量降低的原因是它与作物竞争水分，营养 ，光照
7 Most weeds are aggressive and invasive, they grow quickly and spread far, and so are difficult to get rid of.大多数杂草是有竞争 性和侵害性的，它们生长迅速，传播的远，因此很难摆脱
8 One recommended way of eradicating many persistent weeds is first to plough up the roots and underground parts of the plant.一种值得推荐的根除多年生杂草的方法是首先？根系和作物地下部分
11 Weeds may also be killed by means of chemicals which have the collective name of herbicides.杂草也可以被称为除草剂的化学药剂杀死
17 They must be used extremely carefully for the simple reason that they will eradicate all plants on contact-which includes the crop itself.它们在使用的时候必须相当小心，原因很简单就是它们会根除所有与之接触的植物包括作物本身
18 They are usually used before sowing or before the emergence of the crop itself.它们总是被用于播种前或作物出土前
23 Micro-organisms are reproduced and spread by minute bodies such as spores, fungi and bacteria.微生物通过芽孢，真菌，细菌等微小物体进行繁殖和扩散
25 It is very difficult to kill the fungi and bacteria, or to make the virus which is inside the host plant inactive消灭真菌和细菌或是使寄生在寄主中不活跃的病毒不传播病毒是非常困难的.
26 But the evolution of plant varieties which can resist disease has completely changed methods of disease control但是能够抵抗病害的作物种类的进化，已经完全改变了病害控制的方法
36 One way is to use chemicals that easily change into a gas or vapour, which enter the soil and kill the harmful organisms. 一种方法是使用容易变成气体或烟雾状的化学药剂这样就能进入土壤消灭有害生物体
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