（UNIT 9）Reading Material B
INSTITUTIONAL AND CORPORATE LANDSCAPES
Cheryl Barton
社会机构及公司园区景观
社会公共机构的环境受益于风景园林师的专业技术已有一个多世纪，纯净的空气、水和阳光及其他自然事物对于医院、精神病院和疗养院的规划来说是很重要的因素。而公司景观却是一种比较新的现象，二战后，由于工业的快速增长和郊区的出现，公司园区逐渐发展起来，例如Sasaki的迪尔公司，EDAW的卡尔森中心，EDSA的百事公司，都是为舒缓工作强度而设计的大量开放空间和娱乐资源，以此来确保员工更加忠诚和高产，为公司的不动产增值；而且，这些特色还反映了公司形象、身份、权利、声望和产品的卓越特性。同时，市区里的公司景观也兴盛起来，如奥斯芒德森的凯撒屋顶花园，丹.凯利的达拉斯喷泉广场，SWA的威廉姆斯广场，哈格里夫斯的雪弗龙公司景观等。
In its concern with providing meaningful open space, landscape architecture has always related fundamentally to human welfare. Institutional environments have benefited from the expertise of landscape architects for more than a century, but the corporate landscape is a more recent phenomenon. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, institutions existed primarily to take care of problems that the family was unable to handle----care of the mentally retarded, orphaned children, the sick and the handicapped. Many of these places were little more than warehouses. A
[2]
similar fate met workers during the Industrial Revolution who fled their farms to grasp opportunities in the cities. There , too, they were confined in warehouse-type environments for long, exhausting hours
为了提供.
Reflecting post-Civil War reform movements, American landscape architects demonstrated innovative and practical responses to the social problems of alcoholism, mental illness and disease in the design of new institutional settings. Pure air and water, sunlight and other natural amenities were important factors in planning hospitals, asylums and sanatoriums. Spacious, well-designed grounds reflected advances in medicine. These projects could involve many disciplines and were often coordinated by landscape architects whose knowledge of environmental factors provided the requisite overview.
Frederick Law Olmsted, once secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission[3] (later the American Red Cross), planned several significant institutions, including Columbia Institution for the Deaf[4] (1866) (Fig.1)in Washington, D.C. The plan for the Iowa Hospital for the Insane[5] (1871,H.W.S. Cleveland), Mt. Pleasant, involved patients in the therapeutic planting of native trees and shrubs on the asylum grounds. Scientific evidence has indicated that direct contact with nature produces positive effects on healing. Today, site and building design for contemporary institutions place a premium on exterior views for patients as well as easy accessibility to courtyards and gardens.
[1]
Figure1. Columbia Institution for the the Deaf (1866 ) in Washington, D.C..
The corporate landscape evolved after World WarⅡ because of rapid growth in industry and the advent of suburbia. Here ,the symbolism of wealth and power was expressed in attractive, parklike locations. People now spend considerable time in corporate settings, which in many places have replaced Main Street as a community’s social crossroads. Affinities with early country villas and manor houses have also been suggested, as these buildings and their elaborate grounds once housed a large population of family and servants, curiously analogous to 20th century managerial, clerical and maintenance staff.
Today’s corporate headquarters landscapes, such as those for Deere and Company[6] (Fig.2) (1963, Sasaki Associates[7]), Moline, Ill. an important precedent; Carlson Center[8] (Fig.3) (1988, EDAW Design Group), Minnetonka, Minn.; and Pacific Bell[9] (1987, MPA Design), San Ramon, Calif., contain extensive open space and recreational resources for their work forces, including tennis and volleyball courts, jogging paths, sculpture gardens, lakes and other facilities to ensure more loyal and productive workers and to add value to the corporate real estate portfolio. Furthermore, such features convey image, status, power, prestige and product excellence---critical ingredients in a competitive corporate culture.
[8]
Figure2. Deere and Company (1963, Sasaki Associates) Figure3.Carlson Center (1988, EDAW Design Group) For many suburbs, the corporation has become a community center. In its commitment to employees and the public, PepsiCo[11] (Fig.4) (1965, Edward D. Stone, Jr. Associates)----an integration of landscape architecture, architecture and sculpture in Purchase, N.Y.—exemplified a new creativity in the corporate landscape of its time. Its sculpture collection is displayed in garden terraces, becoming an outdoor art museum for the public and a showpiece landscape for the corporate landlord. Many corporations have purchased former estates and preserved their historic landscapes. At Corporate WoodsTRW World Headquarters[14]
[12]
(1976, The SWA Group
[13]
),Overland Park, Kans., and the
(1985, Sasaki Associates), Lyndhurst, Ohio, landscape architects
have effectively contrasted contemporary architecture with wooded and pastoral settings. Codex’s world headquarters[15] (1986,Hanna/Olin), Canton, Mass, incorporates an elegant interior atrium at the heart of its complex of buildings to recall the outdoors year-round.
Figure4. PepsiCo(1965, Edward D. Stone, Jr. Associates)
Urban corporate landscapes, which were the earliest examples, also have thrived. One innovation was the Kaiser roof garden [16] (Fig.5) (1960, Osmundson and Stanley), Oakland, Calif., a three-acre urban open space 23 stories above the street. While 90 percent of the site is covered by the building, 60 percent actually becomes semipublic open space. Dallas’s Fountain Place[17] (Fig.6) (1985, Dan Kiley), with a similar open space ratio, is a shimmering, monumental water garden in sharp contrast to the arid Texas landscape.
Figure5. Kaiser roof garden (1960, Osmundson and Stanley) Figure6. Dallas’s Fountain Place (1985, Dan Kiley)
Increasingly, site plans have been developed to express particular corporate and institutional values. The Christian Science Church’s world headquarters[18] (1973, Sasaki Associates) in Boston is a powerful, ceremonial space, personifying the church’s social stature and wealth. Landscape architects and their clients have approached corporate site design as an art form, creating dramatic tension between geometric and biomorphic forms. Rich materials and sculpture abound in Williams Square[19] (1984, The SWA Group), Las Colinas, Tex., where regional land forms are borrowed and reinterpreted on the site. In Englewood, Colo., the mission of Chevron Geothermal[20] (1985, Hargreaves Associate) is depicted metaphorically by its landscape of exfoliating layers of sedimentary rockmemorable and enduring image.
[20]
and simulated steam. The desired effect is a more
Figure7. Christian Science Church’s world headquarters (1973, Sasaki Associates)
Figure8. Williams Square (1984, The SWA Group)
The significance of the institutional and corporate landscape types today is that they have demonstrated that both quality open space and memorable imagery are vital to the human experience. 【NOTES】
[1] institutional and corporate landscapes社会机构及公司园区景观：institutional指事业机构的或社会公共机构的、慈善机构的；corporate指公司的、企业的。
[2] Industrial Revolution工业革命或产业革命。
[3] U.S. Sanitary Commission美国卫生局：后来的美国红十字会（American Red Cross）。 [4] Columbia Institution for the Deaf哥伦比亚聋人学院。
[5] Iowa Hospital for the Insane爱荷华州精神病院。
[6] Deere and Company迪尔公司：也称作约翰迪尔公司，美国历史悠久的以农业设备为主的跨国公司，建筑由沙里宁（Saarinen）设计，环境景观由Sasaki公司设计。
[7] Sasaki Associates佐佐木英夫事务所：佐佐木英夫（Sasaki）日裔美国人，美国SWA集团创始人之一，Sasaki事务所创始人，在各类城市公共领域的景观规划与设计方面有众多实践，是美国近现代城市空间的塑造者之一。
[8] Carlson Center卡尔森中心：位于明尼唐卡的国际会议中心，由易道公司（EDAW Design Group）设计
[10] Pacific Bell太平洋贝尔公司：美国最老牌的电话公司。
[11] PepsiCo百事可乐公司园区：由EDSA公司（Edward D.Stone,Jr. Associates）设计。 [12] Corporate Woods科珀里特伍兹办公区。
[13] The SWA Group：SWA设计公司，其前身是Sasaki，Walker and Associates，由佐佐木英夫与彼得.沃克创建，是美国近现代景观的重要缔造者。
[14] TRW World Headquarters汤普森.拉莫.伍尔德里奇公司世界总部：TRW是美国以宇航业和飞机制造业为主的公司。
[15] Codex’s world headquarters科戴克斯公司世界总部。
[16] Kaiser roof garden凯撒屋顶花园：奥斯芒德森和斯坦利设计。 [17] Dallas’s Fountain Place达拉斯喷泉广场。
[18] Christian Science Church’s world headquarters基督教科学会的世界总部。
[19] Williams Square威廉姆斯广场。
[20] Chevron Geothermal雪弗龙地热公司：全球地热能最大生产商，由哈格里夫斯事务所设计。
[21] exfoliating layers of sedimentary rock沉积岩的剥落片岩。 【GLOSSARY】 institutional environment 【NEW WORDS】 welfare n. mentally retarded orphaned handicapped warehouse flee grasp confine exhausting alcoholism asylum sanatorium discipline requisite overview sanitary insane therapeutic premium accessibility suburbia affinity 【难句】
1. Affinities with early country villas and manor houses have also been suggested, as these buildings and their elaborate grounds once housed a large population of family and servants, curiously analogous to 20th century managerial, clerical and maintenance staff. 公司园区被认为与早期的乡村别墅和庄园住宅非常接近，因为这些建筑和精致的室外场地曾住过的大量家人与佣人，与20世纪的公司管理、杂务与维护人员有着奇怪的相似。
社会公共机构环境
corporate landscape
公司景观
福利，健康 manor analogous managerial clerical headquarter portfolio ingredient showpiece landlord thrive
semipublic shimmering monumental arid
personify geometric biomorphic reinterpret depict metaphorically exfoliate sedimentary memorable
n. 庄园，领地，庄园大厦
adv. 心理上，精神上，智力上 adj. 智力上迟钝的 adj. 成为了孤儿的 adj. 残疾的，弱智的
仓库，货栈 n. vi. vt. vt. vt. n. n. n. n. adj. n. adj.
避开，逃避 抓住，抓紧
限制，局限于
用尽，耗尽，使筋疲力尽 酒精中毒
精神病院，避难所，庇护所 疗养院，疗养所
学科
需要的，必要的，必不可少的 概述，概况，总的看法
卫生的，公共卫生的，保健的
adj. 类似的，相似的
adj. 管理(上)的，经营(上)的 adj. 职员的，办公室工作的
总部，设总部 n.
投资组合，总资产 n. n. n. n.
(构成)要素，因素 样板，典范
房东，地主，店主 vi. 兴盛，兴旺，繁荣 adj. 半公共的，半开放的 adj. 闪闪发光
adj. 纪念碑的，雄伟的，巨大的 adj. 干旱的，贫瘠的，无生气的 vt. 象征，体现，拟人化 adj. 几何图案的，几的 adj. 生物形态的 vt. vt.
使再生，使化身
描绘，刻画，描述，叙述
adj. (患)精神病的，精神失常的 adj. 疗法的，对身心健康有益的
重视，非常珍贵 n.
易接近, 可到达的 n. n. n.
郊区及其居民，郊区居民 近似，相像，喜爱，亲近
adv. 隐喻地，比喻地
vt. 片状剥落
adj. 沉积的，冲积成的 adj. 值得纪念的；难忘的
相关推荐：
loading