simply don’t invest in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works, so why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?
Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality（how innovative is the research?），significance（does it have practical or commercial importance?），and rigour（is the research technically right?）Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4 papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3’’ and 4 papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional positon in league tables（排名表）and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications the better.
Worrying, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data—Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies. The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality-publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories-is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.
With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.
63. What crisis is the study of psychology facing?
A. The Ref has led to a revolution in not-only psychology but also science. B. The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research. C. The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies.
D. The ReEs indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects 64. The Refs focus on originality has brought about ____. A. a reliable body of knowledge B. publications exploring new areas C. tests of well-stablished theories D. uninteresting replications of studies
65. We can infer from the passage that the Ret ___.
A. is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities B. provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities
C. recognizes researchers’ work and adds to their attractiveness to students D. is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission. 66. What does the writer mean by saying“be a good scientist”? A. Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis
B. Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref.
C. Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities D. Avoid using false research practices to test old theories
Section C A. Even being good at getting others to fight most efficiently is not being civilized. B. Most people believe those who have conquered the most nations are the greatest. C. However, every year conflicts between countries and nations still claim thousands of lives. D. And not only has it won, but also because it has won, it has been in the right. E. So there has been little time to learn in, but there will be oceans of time in which to learn better.
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F. People don’t fight and kill each other in the streets, but nations still behave like savages. Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals, while the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think so much of them that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general. ___67___
It is possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight, so do savages（野蛮人）; so to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. ___68___. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some ways of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed most has won. ___69___. For that is what going to war means; it means power is right. This is what the story of mankind has been like. But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. From the point of view of evolution, human beings are very indeed, babies of a few months old. Scientists assume that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years.
___70___. Taking man’s civilized past at about seven or eight hours, we may estimate his future at about one hundred thousand years. Thus mankind is only at the beginning of its whole a pretty beastly business, a business of fighting and killing. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is that they will sometimes have done something else.
第 Ⅱ 卷
Ⅱ. Summary Writing
A“Robber”in Your Pocket
The final bell rings at a high school in downtown Los Angeles, and nearly every student walking out of the school gate studies a screen, with head bowed. Over the past decade, such scenes have become the norm—at least in the United States. Research reveals that American millennial look at their phones 150 times a day on average. In the meantime, the number of American teenagers reporting feelings of depression has grown significantly. While some people blame the increase on the Great Recession following 2008 and other social changes, a big new study suggests a different explanation—the rise of social media.
Jean Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University, led the study. By taking a close look at national surveys, with data collected from more than 500,000 American teenagers, she found that those who spent lots of time on social media were more likely to agree with remarks such as“The future often seems hopeless.”Those who used screens less, spending time playing sport or socializing with friends in person, were less likely to report feelings of depression.
This, in fact, is not the first time scientists have found that social media can rob people of their happiness. One study published in 2018 asked a randomly selected group of adults to quit Facebook for a week. A control group continued using the social networking site as usual. Those who gave up Facebook reported feeling less depressed at the end of the week than those who continued using it.
Some research, however, suggests that social-networking sites can promote happiness if used to engage directly with other users, rather than just to feel jealous of happy moments someone shares online. This provides a
reminder that it is users’ attitudes that shape their experiences on social media.“I often remind myself that it’s all filtered,”reflects Sarah, a junior at the high school in Los Angeles.“People only post what want you to see, so it can seem that their life is better than yours.”Nicole, another junior, agrees. But when asked if she has ever considered deleting her social media accounts. Sarah looks confused.“No. I would feel lost.”
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Ⅱ. Translation
1. 没有什么比网游更容易浪费你的时间了。（There）
___________________________________________________________________________ 2. 春运将不再会一票难求，这是所有人民的期待。（No longer）
___________________________________________________________________________
3. 世界卫生组织已经将游戏成瘾正式列为精神疾病，你不觉得你该采取点措施来解决这个问题吗？（address）
___________________________________________________________________________
4. 一考定终身的日子已经一去不复返了，但不可否认的是学生的课业负担并未如有关专家所预期的减轻了。（denying）
___________________________________________________________________________
答案： 语法：
1. to make 2. most popular 3. what 4. themselves 5. another 6. why 7. may 8. facing 9. continues 10. have proposed 词汇
BAHCDFJEK 完型
BCACB CDBCA DBADC A篇 DBCA B篇 ABC C篇 DBAA
六选四 BADE
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