初中英语（现在完成时）讲义及训练题(44-45)

初中英语(现在完成时)讲义及训练题(44)

教师：马老师 (8年级下册) 姓名________

现在完成时（Present perfect）表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能继续发展下去。 基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done) ①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语.（haven’t==have not/ hasn’t==has not） ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） 一、定义：（1） 强调动作是过去发生的 （2） 强调对现在的影响或结果

（3） 在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。 但过去分词一定要选择准确。

1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 \变为 \，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried

(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。

stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped不规则动词 burn---burnt---burnt 1hide hid hidden 隐藏 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 see saw seen 看见 take took taken 2 、不规则动词： AAA型 原型 过去式 过去分词

burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut

hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set shut shut shut spread spread spread let let let read read read AAB型 beat beat beaten

ABA型 become became become run ran run come came come

特殊情况 read read read read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/

ABB型 bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found feed

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fed fed get got got hang hung hung hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led lose lost lost leave left left lend lent lent make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid sell sold sold shoot shot shot say said said sit sat sat stand stood stood shine shone shone sweep swept swept sleep slept slept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won

ABC型 begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written take took taken wear wore worn

二、用法:（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)

（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时）

⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.

三、瞬间动词（buy, die, join, lose……）不能直接与for, since 连用。要改变动词come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in , go out----be out ,finish----be over open----be open ,die----be dead

★1.have代替buy . My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

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★2、用keep或have代替borrow.

I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. ★3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been a teacher?

★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold . Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.★5、用wear代替put on A)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词

1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill 3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose, die, sell, leave 7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be＋missing (gone, lost) 代lose

B)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 . 1“be＋on”代start, begin 2“be＋up”代get up 3“be＋back(to)”代return to, come back to , go back to

4“be here (there)”代come (arrive ,reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get) there等 C)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词

1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

四、常用瞬间动词（终止性动词）变延续性动词表：（背诵）

1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at…相应的介词

2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back 3. have come/gone out →have been out 4. have become → have been

5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open 6. have got up → have been up； 7. have died → have been dead；

8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.

9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over； 11. have married → have been married；

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12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ； 13. have begun → have been on

14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had 15. have lost → haven’t had 16. have put on →have worn

17. have caught /got a cold → have had a cold； 18. have got to know → have known 19. have/has gone to → have been in

20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army

→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/ the soldier…

五、现在完成时的时间状语。

1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）

如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.

2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用

,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).

3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,

如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing?

I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,

如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:

Peter has written six papers so far.

Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.

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