桂林理工大学2020年博士生入学考试试题
考试科目代码：1001
考试科目名称：英语 （A卷）
（满分100分，时间3小时）
考生注意：请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上视为无效
Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.
In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.
President Hoover’s successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation’s soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers. 1. What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? A) The impact of the Great Depression. B) The shrinking of overseas markets.
C) The destruction caused by the First World War. D) The increased exports of European countries.
2. The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was ________. A) to increase farm production B) to establish agricultural laws
C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture
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3. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ________. A) reduce their scale of production B) make full use of their land
C) adjust the prices of their farm products D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production
4. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act ________. A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products
B) didn’t give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others
5. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at ________. A) reducing the cost of farming
B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation C) lowering the burden of farmers
D) helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.
We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes.
Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.
Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva (唾液) slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide (硫化物).
Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.
Alcohol hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it’s not understood why. Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.
Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.
For most of us, the simple, dry mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.
Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.
Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus (粘液). If the mouthwash contains alcohol-as most do-it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.
6. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “________”.
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A) thrive on B) account for C) originate from D) descend from
7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath? A) Tooth trouble. B) Sulfur rich food. C) Too much exercise. D) Mental strain.
8. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because ________. A) it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing B) its smell adds to bad breath C) it kills some helpful bacteria
D) it affects the normal flow of saliva
9. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because ________. A) they can’t mask the bad odor long enough B) they can’t get to all the offending bacteria
C) their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse D) they can’t cover the thick layers of mucus
10. We can infer from this passage that ________. A) offensive breath can’t easily be cured
B) elderly people are less offended by bad breath C) heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath D) offensive breath is less affected by alcohol
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
Human memory is notoriously unreliable. Even people with the sharpest facial-recognition skills can only remember so much.
It's tough to quantify how good a person is at remembering. No one really knows how many different faces someone can recall, for example, but various estimates tend to hover in the thousands—based on the number of acquaintances a person might have.
Machines aren't limited this way. Give the right computer a massive database of faces, and it can process what it sees—then recognize a face it's told to find—with remarkable speed and precision. This skill is what supports the enormous promise of facial-recognition software in the 21st century. It's also what makes contemporary surveillance systems so scary.
The thing is, machines still have limitations when it comes to facial recognition. And scientists are only just beginning to understand what those constraints are. To begin to figure out how computers are struggling, researchers at the University of Washington created a massive database of faces—they call it MegaFace—and tested a variety of facial-recognition algorithms (算法) as they scaled up in complexity. The idea was to test the machines on a database that included up to 1 million different images of nearly 700,000 different people—and not just a large database featuring a relatively small number of different faces, more consistent with what's been used in other research.
As the databases grew, machine accuracy dipped across the board. Algorithms that were right 95% of the time when they were dealing with a 13,000-image database, for example, were accurate about 70% of the time when confronted
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