专题十一 介词和介词短语
介词和介词短语的核心考点
介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at，in，for等；合成介词，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短语介词，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；双重介词，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分词介词，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。
1.介词搭配
(1)“动词＋介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 ①rob sb. of sth. /clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)
②supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
③make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用)
④介词＋the＋部位与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb. ’s＋部位，可换用) strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用) catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用)
hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用) ⑤prevent(stop，keep)sb. from doing sth. (表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用)
⑥persuade(advise，warn)sb. into doing sth. (表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与into连用)
⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth. for sb. (表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)
⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth. to sb. (表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)
⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth. to sb. (表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)
注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb. sth. ，tell sb. sth. ，give sb. sth. 双宾结构。
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⑩say to sb. (suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb. sth. 。
(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。
reply to the letter回信，sing(dance) to the music和……唱(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask for请求，use...for用作，leave for前往，take...for误以为，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助/救于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare...to把……比作，send for派人去请/拿……，sail for驶向，起航，set out for动身去，go in for爱好……
(3)常见“形容词＋介词”搭配。
be worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb. 为某人某事高兴，far from离……远，grateful to sb. for sth. 为某事感激某人，free from没有……/免除……，proud of/take pride in自豪，satisfied with/by满意，sure of/about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth. /in doing sth. 忙着干某事，full of充满，ready for准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病……
(4)“名词＋介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。
the absence of water缺水??
?the hope of success成功的希望??have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会take pride in them为他们感到骄傲??the key to the question问题的答案?a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药??the ticket for tomorrow明天的票
?in Beijing他去了北京his absence ?
?from Beijing他不在北京
??to study学习方法
the way ?
?of studying maths学习数学的方法?
题组训练1 用适当的介词填空
1.Our opinions on language learning differ greatly from each other’s in that respect. 2.Our teacher often asks us to retell stories in our own words.
3.I’ve promised to keep it secret，so I can’t really tell you anything beyond what
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you know already.
4.With time passing by，they have grown into big boys and big girls. 5.What was the cause of the fire?
2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析 (1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。
表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。
还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。
注意：①at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the night(在夜间)。 ②in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意思是“在……以后”。 (2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。 on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning
on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Children’s Day on March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1
early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days
(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at，如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six
at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)
at the age of 15，at the time of war(但in time of danger/trouble) 注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。
next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years
one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。
(4)till，until的用法。
till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。 He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to). 注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。 Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. (5)in，later，after
①in＋一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……
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之内”时，用于各种时态。
②一段时间＋later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。
③after＋一段时间：表示“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after，即after＋点时间，用于各种时态。
The doctor will be with us in six minutes.
She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory. He received her letter after four weeks.
另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time＝in a week
They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用) My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)
I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)
(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。 ①at 在较小的场所；in在较大的场所；on在……的平面上。如at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。
②on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的衔接，用to；A在B附近，用off。
Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内) Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)
③across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。 They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest.
④over，above译作“在……之上”；under，below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。
A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river. The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线). The window is well above the tree.
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