(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour).(按by＋the＋单位名称，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。
②表泛指的方式、手段
by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用机器，by hard work，learn sth. by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope
交通工具类
by bus/train/car/taxi
by bike/bicycle，on horseback/foot by plane/jet/spaceship/air by ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water
另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于；用……方法，with the help(permission) of sb. /with sb. ’s help(permission)。
③表方式、手段的其他用法
He beat the dog with a stick.(with＋工具/机器)
One smells with his nose.(with＋人体器官，但by hand手工，用手) He stood up with pride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。另外如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with) satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on one’s knee，take(catch) sb. by surprise(出其不意)
(8)表示“除……之外”的常用词。
①besides 除……以外(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。 We all went to the cinema besides Shaw.
It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired. ②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。 We all went except John. 在否定句中，两词可以换用。
He has no other hats except/besides this one.
③except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what
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从句，此时与“except that＋句子”意思相同。
He was very clever except for carelessness. ④except that...除了……以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. ⑤but与except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点： (A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。 All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships. (B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to) (C)but与一些固定结构连用。
have no choice but to do sth. 只得做某事，can not but do sth. 不得不，can not help but do sth. 不得不……，but for...若不是……
(9)between与among
between通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。 Ann is between Tom and Bill.
Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy. They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)
She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)
A horse can be seen between trees now. among表示三者以上之间。
The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills. He was happy to be among friends again. We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)
London is among the largest cities.(＝one of与最高级连用) (10)表原因的介词for，because of，due to。
He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness. The reason for his coming late is that he was ill. He was praised for his bravery and courage. The accident is due to your careless driving. (11)不定式复合结构中的for，of。
这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语
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的结构。
It is clever of you to answer it like that. It is quite hard for me to explain why.
注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of，如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。
(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。
①after，since，till/until，before这些词既是介词，又是连词。 The children went home at once after school.(介词) They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)
②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词可兼作副词。 He ran down the hill.(介词)
Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词) ③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。
All the students got to school before me.(介词)
We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词) Haven’t I seen you before？(副词)
(13)介词的省略。
某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。
Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job. She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it. (14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。
①要求接to的名词有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。
The key to success is preparation.
②要求接in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。 He is an expert in teaching little children. 题组训练2 短语填空
on the contrary，for the benefit of，in time，out of place，in favour of 1.China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of all its citizens.
2.The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks out of place in the garden of a traditional home.
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3.—Thank God you’re safe!
—I stepped back，just in time to avoid the racing car.
4.It wasn’t a good thing；on the contrary，it was a huge mistake.
5.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside in favour of younger men.
1.China’s soft power grows the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.(2018·江苏，33) A.in line with C.in return for 答案 A
解析 句意为：中国的软实力在增长，这与中国在全球范围内得到越来越多的欣赏和理解是一致的。in line with意为“与……一致”，符合语境。in reply to回复，答复；in return for作为对……的回报；in honour of为了向……表示尊敬。
2.Bob thought he couldn’t go to the party because he had to write a report，but he went .
(2018·天津，11)
A.at first C.above all 答案 B
解析 句意为：鲍勃以为他不能去参加聚会了，因为他得写一份报告，但他最终还是去了。after all意为“毕竟，最终，终究”，符合语境，故选B。at first起初，最初；above all首先，最重要的是；at random任意地，漫无目的地。
3.Determining where we are our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.
(2017·江苏，32)
A.in contrast to C.in face of 答案 D
解析 句意为：通过对比我们周围的环境来确定我们的位置是我们生存的一项重要技能。结合句意可知，这里用in relation to“相对某事物而言”。in contrast to与……相比；in defense of保卫，为……辩护；in face of面对。
4.Many people who live along the coast make a living fishing
B.in defense of D.in relation to B.after all D.at random B.in reply to D.in honour of
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