句子成分及类型

动词

一． 实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词、使役动词 注意：在不同的句子中，有些动词可能分属不同的种类。 例如：Have you seen my pen?﹙现在完成时，have为助动词﹚ He has a red car.﹙have为实义动词﹚

〈一〉实义动词

含义：又称行为动词，按在句子中按是否需要跟宾语可分为两类：及物动词、不及物动词。但事实上大多数动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。 1. 及物动词：可以直接跟宾语的动词。 如believe/buy/like/catch/thank/have等

及物动词的宾语：a.及物动词后可接名词、代词、数词、动名词等作宾语 ① The story canˊt interest the children.﹙名词作宾语﹚ ② I must thank you for telling me this.﹙代词﹚ ③ I got three apples.﹙数次﹚

④ We like talking about the subject.﹙动名词﹚

b.有些及物动词后可跟双宾语。﹙间接宾语人，直接宾语物﹚如：give/ask/tell/buy/show/send/take/teach等 ①Please give me the book. ②Can you send me your bike?

③My parents bought me a new shirt. →

2. 不及物动词

a. 不需要跟宾语，句意可完整，

如：blead/caugh/cry/die/sleep/swim/weep等 I want to sleep. Don’t cry. My grandmother died.

b. 不能直接跟宾语，往往先加一个介词然后再跟宾语， 如：rely/look/live/think/belong/insist等

Listen to the teacher carefully. ②Please look at the tree. ③We should rely on ourselves.

3. 既是及物动词又是不及物动词： ① I ran as quickly as I could.﹙vi﹚跑 Teach me how to run business. ﹙vt﹚经营 ② The train was alreadly moving.﹙vi﹚移动 Her story moved me deeply.﹙vt﹚感动 要掌握好及物、不及物动词方法有两种：

①背单词时关注词性符号②读句子时关注动词后的宾语。

〈二〉连系动词

含义:又叫系动词，一般与表语一起构成系表结构。

1. 系动词be:am/is/are/was/were后面的表语通常是形容词、名词、介词短语等 ① He is strong.﹙形容词﹚ ② I am a student.﹙名词﹚

③ Mary is in the house.﹙介词短语﹚

2. 半系动词：

a. 感官动词：feel/smell/sound/taste等 This kind of cloth feels very soft. The flower smells very sweet.

b.“看起来像”seem/appear/look等 He looks tired.

c.继续保持一种状态的词：keep/leave/remain/stay等 He always kept silent at the meeting.

d.“变成”含义的词：become/grow/turn/get/go等 The food went bad.

e.“证实”“变成”的词:prove/turn out His plan turned out a success.

<三>情态动词

情态动词：表示说话人的语气和情态。需要，恳求，命令，可能，意愿等。有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语。如：can ,could,may,might,must,should.

特点：1. 不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟动词原型，共同构成谓语。 She may be ill.

2. have to 有人称和数的变化，替他的词都没有。 We have to work hard. He has to study hard. 3.否定式：后面直接加not. He can＇t use the computer.

<四>助动词

含义：无词义。不单独作谓语。帮助构成时态，语态，语气，否定或疑问等结构，如:do/does/did 作用：﹙1﹚表示时态：﹙帮助构成各种时态的词叫助动词﹚ He is singing. / he has got married.

﹙2﹚表示语态：A building is buit beside the school. ﹙3﹚疑问句：I like college life.→Do you like college life? ﹙4﹚否定句：He watch TV every day. →He doesnˊt watch TV every day. ﹙5﹚加强语气

Do come to the party tomorrow evening.

〈五〉使役动词

含义：叫别人去做事情，就是“使役”。如：have,let,make,get等 用法：①have/let/make sb. dosth.

The teacher made John take away his book. Let me help you.

② get sb. to do sth.

Dad got me to wash the car.

练习：给下列动词分类：﹙部分词的类别不唯一﹞

become,drive,were,begin,let,sing,break,feel,sleep,did,win,build,fly,smell,will,send,make,catch,give,swim,must,keep,learn,should,get,come,go,show,have to,seem 实义动词①及物

②不及物

系动词/半系：助动词： 情态动词：使役动词：

句子成分

一． 主语：句子谈论的主题，是句子动作，行为，性质，状态的主体 ① Beijing is a beautiful city.﹙名﹚

② We study in No.1 Middle school.﹙代﹚ ③ Two will be enough.﹙数﹚

④ To be a singer is my dream.﹙不定式﹚ ⑤ Dancing is fun.﹙动名词﹚ 二． 谓语：说明主语的动作，行为或所处的状态。通常由动词来充当，并且要和主语的人称或

数上保持一致。

① She got here at six.﹙get﹚

② He has fallen in here love with her.﹙fall in love with﹚ ③ We must be careful.﹙must be﹚ ④ I was ill.﹙was﹚

三．表语：跟在系动词或半系动词后，说明主语的身份，特征，性质或状态。 ①It is a house.﹙名﹚

②Who is it? Itˊs me.﹙代﹚ ③I am thirteen.﹙数﹚

④She looks nervous.﹙形，最常见﹚ ⑤The window is broken.﹙过去分词） The film is interesting.﹙现在分词﹚ ⑥ Her hobby is painting.﹙动名词﹚

⑦ The best way is to ask the teacher.﹙不定式﹚ ⑧ The book is in the desk.﹙介词短语﹚

四．宾语：表示动作，行为的对象。作宾语的代词需要用宾格。 1. I study English at school.(名词) 2. They hurt me.（代词）

3. Add 5 to 5,you will get 10.（数词） 4. I want to go swimming.（不定式） 5. Give me a hand, please. （双宾）

五．定语：表示人或物的性质，特征，所属。用于限定名词和代词。 1．She is a responsible girl.(形) 2. His name is lilei.（代） 3.We have four lessons.（数）

4. Can you give me some pocket money.（名） 5. He is the first boy to arrive at school.（不定式） 6. The book on the desk is mine.（介词短语）

7. The polluted water harms people a lot.（过去分词） 8．The running boy is my brother.(现在分词)

六．状语：动作行为或状态发生的时间，地点，条件，目的，原因，结果，程度，方式等。

1．He left school in 1995.(时间)

2. We will meet at the school gate.地点） 3. I go to school by bike.（方式）

4. He thanks me for helping him.（原因） 5. He didnˊt study hard, so he failed.（结果） 6. The butterfly is beautiful very much.（程度） 7. To catch the bus, he runs quickly.（目的） 七：补语：（分主语补足语和宾语补足语两种，我们主要学习宾语补足语。）补充说明宾语，使其意更加完整。

1．We made him our minitor.（名） 2．It makes me happy.（形）

3．I made my bike repaired.（过分）

4．He asked me to finish my work.(不定式)

5．Please keep your hand behind your back.(介词短语) 八.同位语:两个词语指同一事物,作同一个句子成分. 1. This is my friend, Helen.

2. She is born in Berke, a small town in USA. 练习：划分句子成分。

1. Every student has lunch at school. 2. The girl felt cold at night.

3. To be a good student is my dream.

4. My father bought me a new bike yesterday. 5. The school near the hospital was built in 2000. 6. My sister applied for a part-time job in summer. 7. My teacher didnˊt allow us to talk in class. 8. Frankly, I really study hard after school. 9. Make yourself at home.

10.We found liming out when we arrived.

句子类型

--------简单句的五种句型

简单句：一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语，而谓语都是由动词构成的。所以动词是句子的核心， 一． 主谓（谓语往往是不及物动词） ① The little boy smiled. ② Prices are going up again. ③ Jim runs in the park. 二． 主谓宾（谓语往往是及物动词或者动词短语） ① Everybody made fun of him. ② He stopped writing. ③ They want to go.

三． 主系表（表语指跟在系动词，半系动词后的词） ① He became a scientist. ② My sister is out now. ③ Dinner smells good. 四． 主谓双宾（部分及物动词可跟两个宾语，人是间接宾语，物是直接宾语，直接宾语在前时可加介词to/for再跟间接宾语。） ① We sent them a telegram. →We sent a telegram to them. ② I passed it to my mother. →I passed my mother it.

③ I told him what to do.(不定式短语作直接宾语)

跟介词to的动词：tell give lend send show sell write take read promise pass offer teach hand

跟介词for的动词：cook buy get find order book 五． 主谓宾宾补（某些及物动词的后面，需要跟一个宾语再加一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾补合称复合宾语） ① I will make you captain.

② The manager asked Jerry to leave. ③ He saw the boy play by the river. 双宾与复合宾语的比较：

第一组：He gave me a book. （I am not a book.） He calls me Tom. (I am Tom.)

第二组：I made the boy happy.(the boy is happy.) She bought me a pen.(I am not a pen.) 第三组: he left the window open.(The window is open.) They made me a cake.(I am not a cake.) 练习题：

① They are playing on the playground. ② You must listen to me. ③ I had my hair cut last week

④ The cake tastes delicious very much. ⑤ The show lasted two hours. ⑥ I have to say goodbye now. ⑦ I found a ticket for him. ⑧ The gun went off. ⑨ His face goes red.

⑩ He heard a boy singing in English. ① She made me a cake. ② He chose to say nothing. ③ He was at work now.

④ We found Li Ming out yesterday afternoon. ⑤ She asked me which way to go.