第十二讲 并列句与状语从句
并列句 并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。
1．转折/对比并列连词
常见的表示转折关系的并列连词包括but, while(而)等。其中，while连接并列句时，两分句之间是对比关系。
It often rains in the south, while it seldom rains in the north. 在南方经常下雨，然而在北方很少下雨。 2．联合并列连词
常见的表示平行或对等关系的联合并列连词有and, not only ... but (also), neither ... nor等。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确，而且说得更轻松。
3．选择并列连词(or, either ... or, not ... but ...等) Would you like to leave or would you like to stay? 你是想走还是想留？
4．因果并列连词(for, so等)
He must have been caught in the rain, for he is wet all over. 他一定淋雨了，因为他全身都湿了。 5．特殊并列连词及并列句
(1)when可用于并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and this/that time。常用于下列句式：
??be on the point of doing sth. when ...? 正要做某事，这时突然……
be doing sth. when ... 正在做某事，这时突然……??had done sth. when ... 刚做了某事，这时突然……
他正要去上学，这时突然刮起了大风。
be about to do sth. when ... 正要做某事，这时突然……
He was about to go to school when a strong wind began to blow.
(2)“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。
Register in WeChat, and you will be able to get in touch with the friends whom you haven’t seen for a long time.
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在微信上注册后，你就能与很久没见面的朋友取得联系了。 [对点练1] 用适当的连词填空
①One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.
②We may not be able to recall the things we have heard or seen, _but_ they are all kept there in the storehouse of the human mind.
③Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.
④Some of us let these dreams die, while/but_ others protect them and take care of them through bad days until they bring them to the sunshine.
⑤The short road, the easy path and the light load all lead to lower grades in school of life.
状语从句 (一)时间状语从句
1．when, while与as引导的时间状语从句 连词 when while as Metals expand when they are heated. 金属受热时膨胀。
While I was reading, he came in. 我正在看书时，他进来了。
The students sang as they walked. 学生们边走边唱。
As a young man (＝When he was a young man), he was fond of hunting. 他年轻时喜欢打猎。
[名师指津] 有时as连接一个名词时，相当于一个时间状语从句。 2．before与since引导的时间状语从句 (1)before与since的常用句式
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从句谓语动词 延续性动词或非延续性动词 延续性动词 用法 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着” 延续性动词 连词 词义 常用句式 (1)It will be＋一段时间＋before ...“过……(时间)才……” (2)It won’t be long before ...“不久……就……” (3)It was＋时间段＋before ...“过了……(时间)才……” It is/has been＋一段时间＋ since ...(从句用一般过去时) 在……之前； before 还未……就……； ……才……； 趁……； 还没来得及…… since 自从……以来 It will be half a year before I come back. 我半年之后才回来。
It won’t be long before we meet again. 用不了多久我们就会再见面。
It was three days before he came back. 三天后他才回来。
(2)since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。
It’s two years since we arrived here. 我们到这儿两年了。
It’s three years since we lived here. 我们不住在这里有三年了。
3．表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句
(1)引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, hardly/scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than ...等。
Directly you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor. 你一感觉疼痛就必须去看医生。
We will leave the minute you are ready. 你一准备好，我们就出发。
(2)hardly/scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than ...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner ...和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.
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他一听到这个消息就哭了。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. 我们刚到火车站火车就开了。 4．until与till引导的时间状语从句 (1)until与till引导时间状语从句的区别：
连词 until till 位置 可以放在句首 不可放在句首 用法 not ... until可用于强调句型 一般不用于强调句型 I had waited a long time till/until he came back. 他回来时我已等了很长时间。
It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment. 教授来了之后，我们才开始实验。
(2)not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Not until he told me about it again did I have any idea of it. 直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。
(3)until/till用于肯定句时主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，用于否定句时主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词。
They waited till/until I returned. 他们一直等着我回来。
5．引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)
(1)其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year等。
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. 每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮忙。
(2)by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。
By the time you come back, we will have finished the job. 到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。 By the time we got there, the rain had stopped. 到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。
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(二)条件状语从句
1．引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词(短语)有if, unless, as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that)等。
You’ll fail the exam unless you study hard. 除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
Supposing that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？
They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.
他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们必须在周末前归还。
2．在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。 In case there is a fire, what will we do first? 万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？ (三)让步状语从句
1．although, though, as与while引导的让步状语从句
(1)although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face. 尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。
Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.
虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。 Pop star as she is, she still needs improve. 尽管她是个流行歌星，但仍需要努力。 Try as he may, he never succeeds. 尽管他很努力，但他从未成功过。
(2)although与though都可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 (3)though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。 I’ve a bit of cold. It is nothing much, though. 我有点感冒，不过不太严重。
(4)while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
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