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英美诗歌选读 第四讲

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What good will planting flowers produce? No tendance of her mound can loose Her spirit from Death’s gin.”’[12]

(Thomas Hardy: Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?) 这是一首具有讽刺味道的对话诗,是坟墓里的死者与坟上刨土者的对话,死者不知道是谁在刨土,就发问是不是自己的恋人,亲人,或敌人(第三节),刨土者回答说都不是,他们都已经不爱你,不想你,不恨你了。刨土者最后回答说自己是死者养过的那只小狗,死者感动于世上还有小狗一颗忠诚的心,而小狗的回答却是,它来刨土为的是埋一根骨头,竟然忘了这里是主人的安息地。每个诗节有六个诗行,第一行在后面每个诗节首行作少许变动后重复,属迭句。如果将其抛在一边,我们就不难发现,每诗节里剩下的五行诗,属abbba吻韵格式。

吻韵也可以用来写三行诗节,格式为aba。这样的诗行叫吻韵三行诗节(enclosed tercet),如毕晓普的《一门艺术》第一、诗节: The art of losing isn't hard to master; so many things seem filled with the intent to be lost that their loss is no disaster,

Lose something every day. Accept the fluster of lost door keys, the hour badly spent. The art of losing isn't hard to master. [13] (Elizabeth Bishop: One Art) 四、链韵格式

链韵(chain rhyme)又名连锁韵(interlocking rhyme),是英语诗歌中较为复杂的押韵格式,主要用于四行诗节或三行诗节。其特征是一个诗节中的某一行诗用于连接下一个诗节中某一行诗的韵。雪莱的《西风颂》是使用链韵的优秀范例,其第四段如下: If I were a dead leaf thou mightiest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;

A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share The impulse of thy strength, only less free Than thou, O Uncontrollable! If even I were as in my boyhood, and could be

The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed

Scarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. O! life me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!

A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed

One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.[14] (Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind)

前四个诗节的押韵格式为aba bcb cdc ded,每个诗节单独来看都是吻韵,而且每个诗节的中间诗行成为链接诗行,它与下一诗节的首尾两诗行押尾韵,这样,所有诗行就链接起来了。

又如拉金的《床上的谈话》: Talking in bed ought to be easiest,

Lying together there goes back so far, An emblem of two people being honest. Yet more and more time passes silently. Outside, the wind’s incomplete unrest Builds and disperses clouds about the sky, And dark towns heap up on the horizon.

None of this cares for us. Nothing shows why At this unique distance from isolation It becomes still more difficult to find Words at once true and kind, Or not untrue and not unkind. [15] (Philip Larkin: Talking in Bed)

前三个诗节的韵式是aba cac dcd,前一个诗节的首尾行与下一个诗界的中间行押韵,从而将三个诗节链接起来。最后一个诗节押单韵。 第二节押韵格式的组合使用

上面讨论的四种基本押韵格式都与二行、三行和四行诗节联系在一起。有时,一个诗节会有五个或五个以上的诗行,这时就会出现两种甚至两种以上的押韵格式的组合。 一、 五行诗节中押韵格式的组合 例如雪莱的《致云雀》开始两诗节: Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert— That from heaven or near it Pourest thy full heart

In profuse strains of unpremeditated art. Higher still and higher

From the earth thou springest, Like a cloud of fire;

The blue deep thou wingest,

And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.[16] (Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark)

每个诗节中的押韵格式为ababb。这是隔行押韵的变体形式,也可以说前三行是吻韵格式,后两行是双行韵格式,后两行与第二行又押韵。又如艾伦?坡的《致海伦》: Helen, thy beauty is to me

Like those Nicéan barks of yore, That gently, over a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore.

On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece, And the grandeur that was Rome. Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand,

The agate lamp within thy hand!

Ah, Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy-Land! [17] (Allan Poe: To Helen)

这首诗三个诗节的押韵格式分别是abab,ababa和abbab,它们都应该是隔行韵的变体,但第三个诗节的前四行又有吻韵的味道。另外,Nicéan中的é表示这个音节重读,从而使这个诗行成抑扬格韵步。

二、六行诗节中押韵格式的组合

例如华兹华斯《我独自漫游像一片云》第一诗节和最后诗节: I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. ?

For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude;

And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.[18]

(William Wordsworth: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)

每个诗节的押韵格式是ababcc,即隔行韵和双行韵格式的组合。 三、七行诗节中的组合

七行诗节中,最普通的是抑扬格五韵步的皇韵(rhyme royal)诗节。它是苏格兰国王詹姆斯一世在他的诗歌Kings Quair中所使用的诗节而创造出来的。乔叟在《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》(Troilus and Criseyde)中最早使用这一诗节,因此皇韵诗节又称特罗勒斯诗节(Troilus stanza)或乔叟诗节(Chaucer stanza)。以下是选自《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》卷一中特罗勒斯的一段情歌的第一诗节,其韵脚是ababbcc。 “If no love is, O God, what fele I so? And if love is, what thing and whiche is he? If love be good, from whennes cometh my wo? If it be wikke, a wonder thinke me, When every torment and adversitee

That cometh of him, may to me savory thinke; For ay thurst I, the more that I it drinke. [19]

这种格式是在四行诗节基础上发展起来的,其押韵格式也是在隔行押韵(abab)或双行押韵(bbcc)的基础上加一个三行诗形成的。 四、八行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用

八行诗节的基本结构是由六行隔行韵(ababab)加一个双行韵构成(cc),如叶芝的《驶向拜占庭》最后一个诗节:

Once out of nature I shall never take

My bodily form from any natural thing,

But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make Of hammered gold and gold enamelling To keep a drowsy Emperor awake; Or set upon a golden bough to sing To lords and ladies of Byzantium

Of what is past, or passing, or to come. [20] (W.B. Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium) 拜伦的长诗《唐璜》(Don Juan)是由八行诗节构成,押韵格式为abababcc,即由六行隔行韵加一个双行韵构成,例句见后面史诗章节。 五、九行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用

九行诗节以斯宾塞诗节(Spenserian stanza)为代表,他是在长诗《仙后》中创造的一种诗节,以下是卷一第一章的第一诗节: Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine, Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde,

Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine, The cruell markes of many a bloudy fielde; Yet armes till that time did he never wield: His angry steede did chide his foming bitt, As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:

Full iolly knight he seemd, and faire did sitt,

As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt. [21] (Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queen)

这种诗节的押韵格式是ababbcbcc,是在隔行韵和链接韵基础上发展起来的,既有隔行韵味道,又有链接韵味道。斯宾塞的这种九行诗节押韵格式是固定的。

其他诗人也写九行诗节的诗,其押韵格式就不那么固定,如多恩的《追认圣徒》第一诗节:

For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love, Or chide my palsy, or my gout,

My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune, flout,

With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve, Take you a course, get you a place, Observe His Honor, or His Grace

Or the king’s real, or his stampèd face Contemplate; what you will, approve, So you will let me love. [22]

(John Donne: The Canonization)

这节诗行的押韵格式为abbacccaa,显然,前面四行是吻韵,后面五行是双行韵的变体。 六、十行诗节中押韵格式的组合使用 由于诗行较多,十行诗节没有固定的押韵格式,但大多数是从基本押韵格式上变化而来,例如多恩的《升起的太阳》第一节: Busy old fool, unruly sun, Why dost thou thus

Through windows and through curtains call on us? Must to thy motions lovers’ seasons run?

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