修辞学教案

英语修辞学

Introduction of Rhetorical Devices

1. Phonetic Devices 1.1 Alliteration 头韵 Eg. a rolling road

tongue twisters: She sells seashells on the seashore. Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper. 1.2 Euphony 谐音

Eg. hate- late; powers- flowers 1.3 Assonance 半谐音

Eg. Thou still unravished bride of quietness,

Thou foster child of silence and slow time.

（Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn） a coffin shop-- a coffee shop; a flowery dell-- a flowery cell 1.4 Onomatopoeia 拟声

Eg. dog: bay, snarl, growl, howl, whine…

1.5 Homeoteleuton 叠韵: similarity in endings

Eg. Instead of rivets there came an invasion, an infliction, a visitation. To Bertie, Jeeves is as incomprehensible as he is indispensable. 2. Lexical Devices

2.1 Lexical Options

2.1.1 Short Words and Long Words

2.1.2 Common Words and Learned Words

Eg. payment- liquidation; refer to- allude to; glasses- spectacles;

name/ surname- cognomen

2.1.3 Formal, Informal or Colloquial Words

Eg. deception- trick- rip-off; residence- house- digs;

commence- start/begin- kick off

2.1.4 General or Specific Words

Eg. (n.) the building- the library; big cities- Shanghai, New York, London; (adj.) a fine day- sunny, warm, cloudless (adv.) speak well- clearly, with perfect diction; (v.) walk- stroll, march, stride; stagger 2.1.5 Concrete or Abstract Words 2.1.6 Referential or Emotive Words

2.1.7 Choice between Synonymous Words Eg. fat- stout; high- tall; wide- broad; thin- lean 2.2 Choice of Abbreviations 2.2.1 Acronyms

2.2.1.1 initialism: UN; WTO

2.2.1.2 part of a word: TV; ID

2.2.1.3 an expression or sentence: DINK; ASAP(asap); AWOL(awol); MARLBORO

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2.2.1.4 number or similar sound: F2F; Gr8 2.2.2 Clippings

2.2.2.1 first syllable: advertisement, laboratory, professor, automobile 2.2.2.2 middle syllable: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator)

2.2.2.3 last syllable: omnibus, telephone, internet, airplane 2.2.3 Blends

brunch: breakfast+ lunch; digicam: digital+ camera; newscast: news+ broadcast 2.3 Lexical Repetition 3. Syntactic Devices 3.1 Long and Short Sentence 3.2 The Simple Sentence 3.3 The Compound Sentence 3.4 The Complex Sentence 3.5 Syntactic Scheme of Inversion 3.6 Syntactic Scheme of Omission

3.7 Syntactic Scheme of Addition or Insertion 3.8 Syntactic Scheme of Repetition

3.9 Syntactic Scheme of Climax and Anti-climax 3.10 Rhetorical Question 3.11 Apodioxis 3.12 Apostrophe

第一章 喻类修辞格

1. Simile

1.1 Definition

Simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison (as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.

1.2常用的比喻词有as, like, seem, as if, as though, such as 等。 1.3其基本格式是“A is like B” 或“A is as… as B”。

1.4其他的格式或句型还有： 1.4.1虚拟句型

最常见的是用 as if 或as though作比喻词，另外还有其他一些形式。 1.4.2 what 型

A is to B what C is to D.

what C is to D, (that) A is to B. A does for B What C does for D. 1.4.3 than型 1.4.4 and型

这是一种特殊的明喻句，常见于英语谚语。其中and 的作用相当于like，不可把它理解为“和”、“与”等义。 1.4.5 动词型

Compare, treat… as, regard…as, consider….as, be likened, suggest, resemble, be similar to, serve…as, honour…as, respect…as. 2. Metaphor

2.1 Definition

Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison，in which a word or phrase ordinarily and

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primarily used of one thing is applied to another. 2.2 Comparison between “simile” and “metaphor” 2.2.1 The Similarities

隐喻与明喻在下列两点上是完全相同的：

2.2.1.1比喻要在两种不同的事物之间相比；

2.2.1.2两种不同的事物相比时只在一点上相似，不在多点上相似。

2.2.2 The Differences in Forms

隐喻与明喻不同的地方从表现形式上来说也是两点：

2.2.2.1明喻常用“似”、“像”之类的比喻词，而隐喻则绝对不用这一类比喻词。

2.2.2.2明喻中的主体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中，而隐喻中的主体与喻体在句中却会有三种情况：或同时出现在句子中；或句子中只出现喻体，主体隐去了；或句子中只有主体，喻体隐去了。

后两种情况，范家材先生(1992：83)称之为“折射结构”。

2.2.3 The Differences in Essence

明喻是“相类”的关系，隐喻是“相合”的关系。明喻的相类，只是一种客观的比较，是人的一种认识。而隐喻的相合，则是一种主观上带有内涵意义的融合，是人的审美力与艺术想象力的体现。

Eg. “女人似花”，女人是女人，花是花，各有所指。这一句话只是表达了说话者对女人与花之间关系的一种认识。若说“女人是花”，就不一样了，女人与花不再分指，而是在“美丽”这一内涵上融合为一了。 2.3 Metaphor 的结构

2.3.1用to be连接本体(the tenor)和喻体(the vehicle)，喻体一般体现在句子的表 语部分。这是最基本的结构形式。

2.3.2用of 连接喻体和本体，这是另一结构，其中的介词of表示同位关系。 2.3.3用动词或形容词表示比喻。

2.4 Metaphor 的设喻方法

2.2.1以一种形象具体的事物去比喻另一形象具体的事物。

2.2.2用形象具体的事物，比喻抽象的事物或概念。 2.2.3以一种抽象概念去比喻另一种抽象概念。 2.5 英汉对比

比拟和比喻不同，比喻要求两个本质不同的事物有相似之处，比拟主要是两 事物进行类比，不一定要有相似关系或相关关系。

Metaphor不单是汉语的隐喻，也包含借喻和拟物两种辞格。

3. Personification 3.1 Definition

Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. 3.2 The Forms

3.2.1把物体、无形的自然现象等当作人来描写。 3.2.2把动物、植物当作人来描写。 3.2.3把抽象概念当作人来描写。 4. Transferred Epithet

4.1 Definition

Transferred Epithet is a figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong. 4.2 The Structures

4.2.1在形式上修饰甲名词的修饰语，在语义上转移修饰乙名词。

4.2.2在形式上是某一名词的修饰语，在语义上却是另一动词（非谓语动词）的修饰语。其作用相当于一个状语。

4.2.3句中形式上修饰事物的修饰语，在语义上修饰人物，表示人的特征或状态等。

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4.2.4有时修饰转移的来龙去脉不明显，这时要借助上下文对文章进行理解，进行联想和引申。 4.3 The Forms

4.3.1修饰语（形容词或分词）＋ 名词 4.3.2 名词＋of ＋名词

第二章 代类修辞格

5. Synecdoche 5.1 Definition

Synecdoche is a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the fan, species for genus, the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made. 5.2 Familiar Examples

A. The part for the whole

1. hand: a)member of a ship's crew

— All hands are on deck.

b) worker, laborer, helper

-- They were short of hands at harvest time.

2. head: person

---He paid the workers $5 per head.

3. heart: brave fellow

---Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance.

(C. S. Forester)

4. legs: (coll.) persons on foot; the infantry

---The legs could hardly keep up with the tanks. 5. bread: food, esp. staple food

--- Give us this day our daily bread. (Prayer) They say there's bread and work for all, And the sun shines always there: But I'll not forget old Ireland,

Were it fifty times as fair.

(Helen S. Blackwood)

B. The whole for the part

1. Name of country for group of people of that country --Australia beat Canada at cricket.

(= the Australian team beat the Canadian team)

2. Vehicle for engine, machine for mechanism of machine itself, etc. --The car conked out.

The plane's flamed out!

The radio (TV) is out of order. 3. Person for part of his body

--Then he cut me open and took out the appendix and stitched me up again (= cut his abdomen open) C. The species for the genus, or the genus for the species

1. Alas, that Spring should vanish with the Rose! (Edward Fitzgerald) (rose = flowers in general; species for the genus) 2. What a despicable creature he is.

(creature = man; the genus for the species) D. Name of material for the thing made 1. He walked the boards for a living.

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